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THE LIBRARY

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HISTORICAL

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ENCYCLOPEDIA

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ILLINOIS

EDITED BY

Nkwton Batrman, LL.D. Pall Sei.hv. A.M.

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A\D HLSTORV OF

PEORIA COUNTY

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D.Win McClLLUCH.

ILLUSTRATED.

VOLUME I.

CHICAOO AND PF.ORIA :

MUNSKLL PUBLISHING COMPANY,

PrBLISHERS

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HISTORICAL

ENCYCLOPEDIA

OF

ILLINOIS

EDITED BY

Newtox 'Bateman, LL.D. Paul Selby, A.M.

AND HISTORY OF

PEORIA COUNTY

EDITKD BY D.WH) McCri.I.OCH.

ILLUSTRATED.

VOLUME I.

CHICAGO AND PEORIA :

MUNSELL PrBLISHIXG COMPANY,

PUBLISHERS

1901

Kntered according to Act of Congress, in the years 1894. iS99and 1900, by

W I 1. 1, 1 A M W. M IT N S K I^ L ,

m ttie office of the I^ibrarian of Congress at

Washin<;ton.

TERRITORY DRAIXKI) HV TIIK ILLINOIS RIVER.

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PREFACE.

Why publish this book? There should be many and strong reasons to warrant such an undertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to have induced the publishers to make this venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it is fitting they should receive attention.

In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there is abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illi- nois, for the following, among many other reasons : Because of its great prominence in the early history of the ^\'cst as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the Ohio River — the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting from its early Frencli population brought in contact with the aborigines — its political, military, and educa- tional prominence — its steadfast loyalty and patriotism — the marvelous development of its vast resources — the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it has furnished to the Government, and its gi'and record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on tlie Slavery question.

This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting fortli of whose history, in all of its essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume devoted to that end. Its material hiis been gathered from every available source, and most carefully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi- fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material lias been gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible to the ordiiuiry inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com- pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information within the smallest practicable space.

And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief that it was needed; that no otlier book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or fur- nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those ends, the book hiis been constructed and its tojjics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuity, conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers. The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts; facts of the earlier and later history of the State, ami drawn from the almost innumerable sources connected with that history ; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to scholars, officials, aiul other special cla«scs; a book convenient for reference in the school, the office, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant and

3

4 PREFACE.

long-drawn accounts of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words for their adequate elucidation, will bo found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity. Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment — and there are many of this character — it is handled accordingly.

As a rule, the method pursued is the separate and topical, rather than the chronological, as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is considered separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. To pass from subject to subject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and order to complexity and confusion.

Absolute freedom from error or defect in all cases, in handling so many thousands of items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence; since, in complicated cases, some element may possibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence.

Considerable space is also devoted to biographical sketches of persons deemed worthy of mention, for their close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov- ernmental, financial, social, religious, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, mili- tary, judicial or otherwise; or for their supposed personal deservings in other respects. It is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be disapproved or regretted by the public; that personal biography has an honored, useful and legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book. Perhaps no more delicate and difficult tiisk has confronted the editors and publishers than the selection of names for this part of the work.

While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely admitted that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not deemed best to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics.

And so, with cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully assumed in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and their uniform kindness and courtesy; to the many who have so generously and helpfully promoted the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminis- cences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient, intelligent and scholarly services; to Hon. Harvey B. Ilurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act, encouraged us in this enterprise — with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers, the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many thousands of details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good people of the State, for whom it has been prepared, in the earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found instructive, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed.

PREFATORY STATEMENT,

Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and ready for the press, Dr. Newton Bateman, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief, has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement.

As explained by Dr. Bateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form, the leading facts of 1'erritorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State, under the title, "Illinois," supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras in State history ; changes in form of government and administration ; the history of Consti- tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies ; the various wars in which Illinoisans have taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1861-6.5, and the War of IsOSwith Spain; lists of State officers. United States Senators and Members of Congress, with the terms of each; the organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and educational institutions; the growth of jmblic improvements and other enterprises which have marked the progress of the State ; natural features and resources ; the history of early newspapers, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character — all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa- tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library.

While individual or collected biogi'aphies of the public men of Illinois have not been wholly lacking or few in number — and those already in existence have a present and con- stantly increasing value — they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and particular periods or classes. Rich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort h;vs been a task requiring patient and laborious research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of many men most prominent in public atTairs during the period to which they belonged, it is still believed that what has been accomplished will be found of permanent value and be appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history.

The large number of toi)ics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable feature of the work ; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or

5

6 PKEFATORYSTATEMENT.

elaboration of narrative. The object has been' to present, in simple language and concise form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages. Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no ])ains hiis been spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement.

In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have had upon the extraor- dinary development of the State within the past fifty years, considerable space luis been given to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its progress in wealth and population.

In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper tliat I should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel il. Inglis, State Superin- tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. II. Freeman; to ex-Senator John M. Palmer, of Springfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ; to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. K'aum, Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the prin- cipal portions of the article on the "Underground Pailroad") ; to the Librarians of the State Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of correspondents in different parts of the State wlio have courteously responded to requests for information on special topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been attained in the work.

In conclusion, I cannot omit to pay this final tribute to the memory of my friend and associate. Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his home in (ialesburg, on October 21, 1S!)7, was deplored, ncit only by his associates in the Faculty of Knox College, his former pupils and immediate neighbors, but by a large circle of friends in all parts of the State.

Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the lime of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of the j'liblic), the etithusiiism, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others wliicli ne brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of prepara- tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholarship and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admiration, his con- nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its merit.

With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists iu the fact that, in its prepara- tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer — one whose abilities commanded uni- versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualities of mind and heart won the love and confidence of all with whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my privilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Abraham Lincoln {Fro>i(ispiece) 1

Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84

Asylum for Feeble-Minded ChildrLMi, Lincoln 237

Asylum for Incurable Insane, Bartoiiville 85

liateman, Newton (Portrait) 3

Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277

"Chenu Mansion," Kaskaskia (18'.)S), where La Fayette was entertained in 1825 .... 315

Chicago Academy of Sciences 394

Chicago Drainage Canal 94

Chicago Historical Society Building 394

Chicago Public Buildings 395

Chicago Thoroughfares 93

Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246

Comparative Size of Great Canals 95

Day after Chicago Fire 92

Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170

Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171

Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280

Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12

Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — The Vineyard 13

Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — Orchard Cultivation 13

First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314

Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 246

Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247

Fort Dearborn (1853) 247

General John Edgar's House, Kaskasia 315

Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 246

House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1801 ) 315

House of Chief Ducoign, the last of the Kaskaskias (1893) 314

Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 236

Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy 438

Illinois State Normal University, Normal 504

Illinois State Capitol, Springfield 240

Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 001

Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet 306

Illinois State Penitentiary — Cell House and Women's Prison 307

Illinois State Reformatory, Poutiac 493

7

8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

InsUtution for Deaf and Dumb, Jacksonville 300

Interior of Koom, Kiiskaskia Hotel (1893) where La Fayette Banquet was held in 1825 314

Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301

Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayette was fil-ted in 1825 (as it appeared, 18'j;{) 314

La Salle (Portrait) 240

Library Building, University of Illinois 334

Library Building — Main Floor — University of Illinois 335

Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 276

Map of Grounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 GOO

Map of Illinois Fullowiitg Title Page

Map of Illinois River Valley

McCormick Seminary, Chicago 3G2

Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90

Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206

Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207

Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 151

Newberry Library, Chicago 394

Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402

Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314

Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315

Pierre Menard Mansion, Kaskaskia (189:i) 314

Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1898) 315

Selby, Paul (Portrait) 5

Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wilmington 439

Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 505

Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for Incurable Insane, Chester 492

University Hall, University of Illinois 150

University of Chicago 363

University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 540

University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 541

View from Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 281

View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315

\'iews in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91

V lews of Drainage Canal 96

Views of Drainage Canal 97

War Eagle (Portrait) 246

Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 403

Historical Encj^clopedia of Illinois.

ABBOTT, (Lient.-GoT.) Edward, a British officer, who was commandant at Post Vincennes (called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas- kia in 1TT8. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at least nominallj-, over a part of the "Illinois Country. ■' Ten days after the occupation of Kas- kaskia, Colonel Clark, having learned that Abbott bad gone to the British headquarters at Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard except that furnished by the inhabitants of the village, took advantage of his absence to send Pierre Gibault. the Catholic Vicar-General of Illi- nois, to win over the people to the American cause, which he did so successfully tliat they at once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri- can flag was run up over the fort. Although Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of the British for a time, tlie manner of its occupa- tion was as much of a surprise to the British as that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the completeness of Clark's triumph. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov- ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more humane character than the mass of British officers of his day, as he \vrote a letter to General Carleton about this time, protesting strongly against the employment of Indians in carrying on warfare against the colonists on the frontier, on the ground of humanity, claiming that it was a detriment to the British cause, although he was overruled by his superior officer. Colonel Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recap- ture Vincennes.

ABI\(tDO>', a city and railway junction in Knox County. 10 miles south of Galesburg and 8.5 miles northeast of yuincy. It is the center of a ricli agricultural region and has two banks, some flourisliing manufactures, including heavy wag- ons, working men's clothing and mouse-traps. Hedding College, under the auspices of the

Methodist Episcopal Church, is located here. Abingdon Normal College, formerly a separate institution, located here, has been united with Hedding College. Population (1890), 1.321; (1900), 2,022.

ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer and companion of La Salle, who came to the ■"Illinois Country" in 1780, and accompanied Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois River to its mouth and then ascended the Mis- sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St. Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They were rescued by Greysolon Dulliut (for whom the city of Duluth was named), and having dis- covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to Green Bay. (See Hennepin.)

ACKERMAX, William K., RaUway President and financier, was bom in New York City, Jan. 29. 1832, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary ancestry, his grandfather, Abraliam D. Acker- man, having served as Captain of a company of the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with "Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stony Point during the Revolutionarj- War, while his father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the War of 1812. After receiving a high school edu- cation in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in mercantile business, but in 1852 became a clerk in the financial department of the Illinois Central Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the service of the Company in 1860, he successively filled the positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer, until July, 1876, when he was elected Vice-Presi- dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency, volunt^irily retiring from this jxisition in August, 1883, thougli serving some time longer in the capacity of Vice-President. During the progress of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago (1892-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago under the administration of Mayor Hopkins

10

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

(1893-95). He is an active member of tlie Chicago Historical Society, and lias reiulereil valuahle service to railroad liistory l).v the issue of two bro- chures on the "Early Historj- of Illinois Riil- roads,"anda "Historical Sketch of the Illinois Central Rjiilroad."

ADAMS. John. LL.I)., educator and philan- thropist, was born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. 18, 17T2; graduated at Yale College in ITO.'j; taught for several years in his native place, in Plain- field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he became Principal of Phillips Academy at An- dover, Mass., remaining there twenty-three years. In addition to his educational duties he participated in the organization of several great charitable associations which attained national importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy in 18;i3, he removed to Jack.sonville. 111., where, four years afterward, he became the third Prin- cipal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining six years. He then became Agent of the Ameri- can Sunday School Union, in the course of the next few years founding several hundred Sunday Schools in different parts of the State. lie re- ceived the degree of LL. D. from Yale College in 1854. Died in Jacksonville, April 24, 1863. Tlie subject of this sketcli was father of Dr. William Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbyterian clergyman of New York and for seven years ( 1873- 80) President of Union Theological Seminary.

ADAMS, John McGregor, manufacturer, was born at Londonderry, N. H., March 11, 1834. the son of Rev. John R. Adams, who served as Chap- lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and Twenty- first New York Volunteers during the Civil War. Mr. Adams was educated at Gorhatn, Me., and Andover, Mass., after wliich, going to New York City, he engaged as clerk in a dry- goods house at §150 a year. He ne.\t entered the office of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers, and in 1858 came to Clncago to represent the house of Morris K. Je.ssup & Co. He thus became a.ssociated with the late John Crerar, the firni of Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of Crerar, Adams & Co., which, with the Adams & Westlake Co., have done a large business in the manufacture of railway supplies. Since the death of Mr. Crerar, Mr. Adams has been princi- pal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing business.

ADAMS, (Dr.) Samuel, physician and edu- cator, was born at Brunswick, Me., Dec. 19, 1800, and educated at Bowdoin College, where he graduated in both the departments of literature and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a

physician several years, in 1838 lie assumed the chair of Natural Pliilosopliy, Cliemistry and Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson- ville, 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro- fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the Sledical Department of the .same institution, and, during liis connection with the College, gave instruction at different times in nearly every brancli embraced in the college curriculum, including the French and German languages. Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour- age in his adlierence to principle, he was a man of singular modesty, refinement and amiability in private life, winning the confidence and esteem of all with whom he came in contact, especially the students who came under his instruction. A profound and thorough scholar, he possessed a refined and exalted literary taste, which was illustrated in occasional contributions to scien- tific and literary periodicals. Among i)roductions of his pen on philosophic topics may be enumer- ated articles on "The Natural History of Man in his Scriptural Relations;" contributions to the "Biblical Repository" (1844); "Auguste Comte and Positivism" ("New Englander," 1873), and "Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be- tween Religion and Science" ("New Englander," 1875). His connection with Illinois College con- tinued until his death, April, 1877 — a period of more than thirty-eiglit years. A monument to his memory has been erected through the grate- ful donations of his former pupils.

ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con- gressman, born at Keene, N. H. , June 18, 1840; was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane Law School, Cambridge, Mass., graduating at the former in 1860. Early in life he settled in Chi- cago, where, after some time spent as a teacher in tlie Cliicago High School, he engaged in the practice of his profession. His first post of pub- lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was chosen, as a Republican, to represent the Fourth Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in 1884. "86 and "88. In 1890 he was again a candi- date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry. He is one of the Trustees of the Newberry Library.

ADAMS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in Hartford, Conn., Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego County, N. Y.. in 1809, and, in 1821, removed to Springfield. 111., being the first lawyer to locate in the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex- tensive practice for the time; in 1823 was.elected a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Winne-

HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

11

bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate Judge in 1841. and died in ofRce, August 11, 1843.

ADAMS COUNTY, an extreme westerly county of the State, situated about midway between its northern and southern extremities, and bounded on the west by the Mississippi River. It was organized in 18i5 and named in honor of Jolin Quincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given to the county seat. The United States Census of 1890 places its area at 830 stj. m. and its jxjpula- tion at 61,888. The soil of tlie county is fertile and well watered, the surface diversified and hilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and its climate e(iuable. The wealth of the county is largely derived from agriculture, although a large amount of manufacturing is carried on in Quincy. Population (1900), 67,058.

ADD.iMS, John Huy, legislator, was bom at Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12, 1823; educated at Trappeand Upper Dublin, Pa., and learned the trade of a miller in his youth, which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr. Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville, Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land and built a saw and grist null on Cedar Creek. In 18.i4 he was elected to the State Senate from Stephenson County, serving continuously in that body by successive re-elections until 1870 — first as a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 186.5 he established the Second National Bank of Free- port, of which he continued to be the president until his death, August 17, 1881.— Mi.ss Jane ( .\ddanis).i)hilanthropist.the founderof the "Hull House," Chicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams.

ADDISOX, a village of Du Page County, 24 miles west-northwest from Chicago. It is the seat of an Evangelical Lutheran School. Popu- Uttion (1890), 485; (1900). 591.

AD J UT AXTS-GENER AL. The office of Adju- tant-General for the State of Illinois was first created by Act of tlie Legislature, Feb. 2, 1865. Previous to the War of the Retellion the position was rather honorary tlian otherwise, its duties (except during the Black Hawk War) and its emoluments being alike unimportant. The in- cumbent was simplj- the Chief of the Governor's Staff. In 1861, the post became one of no small importance. Those who held the office during the Territorial period were: Elias Rector, Robert Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. .Ale.x- ander. After the admi.ssion of Illinois as a State up to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties (which were almost wholly nominal) were dis- charged by Wni. Alexander, 1819 21; Elijah C. Berry, 1821-28 : James W. Berry, 1828-39; Moses

K. Anderson, 1839-57; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-61. In November, 1861, Col. T. S. Mather, who had held the position for three years previous, resigned to enter active ser\-iee, and Judge Allen C. Fuller was appointed, remaining in office until January 1, 1865. The first appf)intee, under the act of 1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1869, taking into consideration tliat all the Illinois volunteers had teen mastered out, and that the duties of the Adjutant-General had been materi- allj' lessened, reduced the proportions of the department and curtailed the appropriation for its supjxirt. Since the adoption of the military code of 1877, the Adjutant-Generars office has occupied a more important and conspicuous posi- tion among the departments of the State govern- ment. The following is a list of those who have held office since General Haynie, with the date and duration of their respective terms of office: Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins, 1873-75; Hiram Billiard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot, 1881-84; Joseph W. Vance, 1884-93; Albert Oren- dorff, 1893-96; C. C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N. Reece, 1897—.

AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an agricultural State. A large area in the eastern portion of the State, l)ecause of the absence of timber, was called by the early settlers "the Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge beginning in Jackson County and running across the .State is the prolific fruit-growing district of Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The cen- tral portion of the State is best adapted to com, and the southern and southwestern to the culti- vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of the entire State — some 42,000 square miles — is up- land prairie, well suited to the raising of cereals. In the value of its oat crop Illinois leads all the States, that for 1891 being .$31, 106.674. with 3,068.- 930 acres under cultivation. In the production of com it ranks next to Iowa, the last census (1890) showing 7,014,336 acres under cultivation, and the value of the crop being estimated at §86,905,510. In wheat-raising it ranked seventh, although the annual average value of the crop from 1880 to 1890 was a little less than §29.000,- 000. As a live-stock State it leads in the value of horses (.§83.000,000), ranks second in the produc- tion of swine (§30.000.000), third in cattle-growing (§32,000,000), and fourth in dairj- product.s, the value of milch cows being estimated at §34,000,- 000. (See also Farmers' Institute.)

12

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF. A

Jepartment of tlie State administration which grew out of the organization of the Illinois Agri- cultural Society, incorporated by Act of the Legislature in 1853. The first appropriation frotn the State treasury for its maintenance was SI. 000 per annum, "to be expended in the promotion of mechanical and agricultural arts." The first President was James N. Bro%rn. of Sangsimon Coimty. Simeon Francis, also of Sangamon, was the first Recording Secretary ; John A. Keimicott of Cook, first Corresponding Secretary ; and John Williams of Sangamon, first Trea.surer. Some thirty volumes of reports have been issued, cover- ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri- culturists. The department ha.s well equipped offices in the State HoiLse, and is charged with the conduct of State Fairs and the management of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the collection and dissemination of .statistical and other information relative to the State's agi'i- cultural interests. It receives annual reports from all County Agricultural Societies. The State Board consists of three general officers (President, Secretarj' and Treasurer) and one representative from each Congi-essional district. The State appropriates some §20,01)0 annually for the prosecution of its work, V)esides which there is a considerable income from receipts at State Fairs and fat stock shows. Between .?'20,0(ll* and S2.'5,000 per annum is disbursed in premiums to competing exhibitors at tlie State Fairs, and some $10,000 divided among County Agricultural Societies holding fairs.

AKERS, Peter, D. D., Methodist Episcopal clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in Campbell Count)-, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu- cated in the common schools, and, at the age of 16, began teaching, later pursuing a classical course in institutions of Virginia and North Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a brief season spent ia teaching at Mount Sterling in that State, he began the study of law and was admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he began the publication of a paper called "The Star," which was continued for a short time. In 1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist church, and a few months later began preaching. In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed the Presidency of SIcKendree College at Lebanon, remaining during 1833-34; then e.stablished a "manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to 1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding

Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In the latter year he was again appointed to the Presidency of McKendree College, where he remained five years. He was then (1S.")7) trans- ferred to the Slinnesota Conference, but a year later was compelled b}- declining health to assume a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois about 1865, he served as Presiding Elder of the Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but was again compelled to accept a superannuated relation, making Jacksonville his home, where he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc- Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib- lical Chronology," to which he had devoted man}' previous years of his life, and which gave evi- dence of great learning and Viist research. Dr. Akers was a man of profoimd convictions, exten- sive learning and great ehMpience. As a pulpit orator and logician he probably had no superior in the .State during the time of his most active seirice in the denomination to which he belonged.

AKIX, Edward C, lawyer and Attorney-Gen- eral, was born in Will County, 111., in 1852, and educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann Arbor, Mich. For four years he was paying and receiving teller in the First National Bank of Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and hascontinued in active practice since. In 1887 he entered upon his political career as the Republi- can candidate for Cit}- Attorney' of Joliet, and was elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although the city was usually Democratic. The follow- ing year he was the candidate of his party for State's Attorney of Will County, and was again elected, leading the State and county ticket by 800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in 1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee for Mayor of Joliet. and, although opposed by a citizen's ticket headed by a Republican, was elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci- sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General on the Republican State ticket by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of 132,248 and a majority over all comj)etitors of 111,2.5.5. His legal abilities are recognized as of a very high order, while liis personal popularity is indicated by his uniform success as a candidate, in the face, at times, of strong political majorities.

ALB.4\Y, a village of Whiteside County, lo- cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island branch). Population (1890), 611; (1900), 621.

ALBION, the coimty seat of Edwards County. Dairying is a leading industry in the surrounding

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

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country, and the village has a well-managed creamery. It has a bank, five churches, an acad- emy, wagon and plow works, flour mills, an ice factory, and a weekly newspaper. Coal is also mined in the vicinity. It is situated about 36 miles by rail northwest of Evansville, Ind. Popu- lation (1880), 875; (1890), 937; (19<J0), 1,162.

ALCORX, James Lnsk, was bom near Ool- conda, 111,, Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi, including member of the Legislature in each; was a member of the Mississippi State Conven- tions of 18r)l and 1861, and by the latter appointed a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service, but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis because his fidelity to the rebel cause was doubted. At the close of the war he was one of the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two years later elected United States Senator, serving until 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894.

ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con- gressman from Chicago ; was brought to Chicago in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi- cago University, and graduated from the Rensse- laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877, receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a member of the Board of County Commissioners of Cook County, serving as President of that body during the reform period of 1887; was also a member of the County Board of Education and Chairman of the Chicago Citizens" Committee, appointed from the various clubs and commer- cial organizations of the city, to promote the for- mation of the Chicago Sanitarj' District. From May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner of Public Works for Chicago, wlien he resigned his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the Republican ticket, from the First Congressional District; was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the close of the Fifty -fourtli Congress. In 1898 he was appointed to a position in connection with the office of Comptroller of the Currency at Washington.

ALDRICH, TVilliam, merchant and Congress- man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y.. Jan. 20, 1820. His early common school training was supple- mented by private tuition in higher branches of

mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in an academy. Until he had reached the age of 26 years he was engaged in farming and teaching, but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin, wliere, in addition to merchandising, he engaged in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, and where he also held several ini|x>rtant offices, being Superintendent of Schools for three years, Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla- ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In 1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878, and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lac, Wis., Dec. 3. 1885.

ALEDO, the county-seat of Mercer Covmty. The surrounding countrj- is rich in bitimainous coal, and fruit-growing and stock-raising are ex- tensively carried on. For the.se commodities it is a shipping jxjint of considerable importance. Tliree weekly papers are published here. Population (1880). 1,492: (1890), 1.601; (1900), 2,081.

ALEX.WDER, John T,, agriculturist and stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia, Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848. Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres of land on the Wabash Railroad. 10 miles east of Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of the richest stock-farms in the State. After the war he became the owner of the celebrated "Sullivant farm." comprising some 20.000 acres on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in Champaign County, to which he transferred his stock interests, and although overtaken by re- verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876.

ALEXANDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated vrith his father, in 1804. to Tennessee, and. while still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812, serving under the command of General Jackson until the capture of Pensacola, when he entered upon the campaign against the Seminoles in Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County, 111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court from 1826 to "37. In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles, Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment. Illinois State Militia; in 1830 was .\ide-de-Camp to Gov- ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, took part in the Black

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second Brigade. Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of the internal improvement scheme in 188T he was elected by the Legislature a member of the first B<iardof Commissioners of Public "Works, serving until the Board was abolished. Died, July ~. 18.56. ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer, came to Southern Illinois previous to the organi- ziition of Union County (1818), and for some time, while practicing his profession as a i)hysician, acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of America, which was located on the Ohio River, on the first high grounil above its junction with the Mississippi. It became the first comity-seat of Alexander County, which was organized in

1819, and named in his lionor. In 1820 we find him a Representative in the .Second General

\ssembly from Pojje County, and two years later Representative from Alexander County, when he became Speaker of the House during the session of the Third treneral Assembly. Later, he removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South, where he died, though the date and place of his death are unknown.

ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern county of the State, being bounded on the west by the Mississippi)i, and south and east by the Ohio and Cache rivers. Its area is about 230 square miles and its population, in 1800, was 10,- ')(y.\. The first American settlers were Tennessee- ans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave it the name of Bird's Point, which, at the date of the Civil War (1861-6.5), had been transferred to the Missouri shore opposite the mouth of tlie Ohio. Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer- ica), and Humphreys (near Caledonia). In 1818 Shadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G. Comyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres in the central and northern part of the county, and incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo." The history of this enterprise is interesting. In 1818 (on Comyges' death) the land reverted to the Government; but in 183.5 Sidney Breese, David J. Baker and Miles A. Gilbert re-entered the for- feited bank tract and the title thereto became vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company," which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase, extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The county was organized in 1819; the first county- seat being America, which was incorporated in

1820. Population (1900), 19,384.

ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located at Chicago; established in 1800, an<l under the management of the Alexian Brothers, a monastic

order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was originally opened in a small frame building, but a better edifice was erected in 1868, only to be de- stroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following year, through the aid of private benefactions and an appropriation of §18,000 from the Chicago Re- lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas- ing the accommodation to 1.50 beds. Only poor male patients are admitted, and these are received without reference to nationality or religion, and absolutely without charge. The ])resent medical staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and sur- geons. In 189.5 the close approach of an intra- mural transit line having rendered the building unfit for hospital purposes, a street railway com- pany purchased the site and buildings for .$2.50,- 000 and a new location has been selected.

ALEXIS, a village of Warren County, on the Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 12 miles east of north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple- ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses. Population (18.80), 398; (1890), 562; (1900), 91.5.

AL(iiON(jriNS, a group of Indian tribes. Originally their territory extended from about latitude 37 ' to 53' north, and from longitude 25° east to 15° west of the meridian of Washington. Branches of the stock were found by Cartier in Canada, by Smith in Virginia, by the Puritans in New England and by Catholic missionaries in the great basin of the Mississippi. One of the prin- cipal of their five confederacies embraced the Illinois Indians, who were found within the State by the French when the latter discovered the country in 1673. They were hereditary foes of the warlike Iroijuois, by whom their territory was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois, other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi- nally dwelt within the present limits of Illinois, were the Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominees, and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the chase, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize. Various dialects of their language have been reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot's Indian Bible is published in their tongue. The entire Algonquin stock extant is estimated at about 95,000, of whom some 35,000 are within the United States.

ALLEN, William Joshua, jurist, was born June 9, 1829, in Wilson County, Tenn. ; of Vir- ginia ancestry of Scotch-Irish descent. In early

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infancy he was brougnt by his parents to South- ern Illinois, where his father, Willis Allen, be- came a Judge and member of Congress. After reading law with his father and at the Louisville Law School, young Allen was admitted to the bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward {18ri3) at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County. In 18.55 he was appointed United States District Attorney for Illinois, but resigned in 18.'59 and re- sumed private practice as partner of John A. Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit Judge to succeed his father, wlio had died, but he declined a re-election. He was a member of the Constitutional Conventions of 1S02 and 18C!(, serv- ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of Rights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to every National Democratic Convention, being chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He has been four times a candidate for Congress, and twice elected, serving from 1802 to 186.5. During this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai policy of the Government. In 1874-7.5, at the solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook the jirosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven- detta" which had broken out among his former neighbors in Williamson Count}', and, by his fear- less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886, Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887 was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of Illinois. Died Jan. 20. 1001.

ALLE\, Willis, a native of Tennessee, who removed to Williamson County. 111., in 1829 and engaged in farming. In 1834 he was chosen Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep- resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly, and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841, although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District, and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar. He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and served two terms in Congress (18.51.5.5). On March 2, 18.59. he was commissioned Judge of the Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three months later. His son, William Joshua, suc- ceeded him ill the latter office.

ALLERTOX, Samuel Waters, stock dealer and capitalist, was born of Pilgrim ancestry in Diitcliess County, N. Y.. May 20, 1829. His youth was spent with his father on a farm in Yates County. N. Y. . but about 18.52 he engaged

in the live-stock business in Central and Western New York. In 18,56 he transferred his operations to Illinois, shipping .stock from various points to New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago Stock- Yards, later .securing control of the Pitts- burg Stock-Yarils, also becoming interested in yards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City and Omaha. Mr. AUerton is one of the founders and a Director of the First National Bank of Chicago, a Director and stockholder of the Chicago City llailwa}- (the first cable line in that city), the owner of an extensive area of highly improved farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable and productive mining properties in the Black Hills. A zealous Republican iti politics, he is a liberal supporter of the measures of that party, and. in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can- didate for JIayor of Chicago in opposition to Carter H. Harrison.

ALLOl'EZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called "The Apostle of the West," a Jesuit priest, was born in France in 1020. He reached Quebec in 10.58, and later explored the countrj' around Lakes Superior and Michigan, est.'iblisliing the mission of La Pointe. near where Ashland, Wis., now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians the existence and direction of the upper Mississippi, and was the first to communicate the informa- tion to the authorities at Montreal, which reiwrt was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He succeeded JIarquette in charge of the mission at Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in 1677, where he preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690 he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690.

ALLTX, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Ledyard, New Lonilon County, Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend- ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert Allyn, who was one of the first settlers of New London. He grew uji on a farm, receiving his early education in a country school, supple- mented by access to a small public library, from which he acquired a good degree of familiarity with standard English writers. In 1837 he entered the Wesleyan University at ^liddletown, Conn., where he distingui.'^hed himself as a mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im- mediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraliam. Mass., and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school,

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

meanwhile (1843) becoming a licentiate of the Providence Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church. FVom 1848 to 1854 he served as Princi- pal of the Providence Conference Seminary at East Greenwich, R. I., when he was appointed Commissioner of Public Schools of Rliode Island — also serving the same year as a Visitor to West Point Military Academy. Between 1857 and 1859 he filled the chair of Ancient Languages in the State University at Athens, Oliio, when he ac- cepted the Presidency of the Wesleyan Female College at Cincinnati, four years later (1863) becoming President of McKendree College at Lebanon, 111., where he remained until 1874. That position he resigned to accept the Presi- dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbondale, whence he retired in 1892. Died at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894.

ALTAMONT, a town and railway junction in Effingham County, midway and the highest jx)int between St. Louis and Terre Haute, Ind., being 88 miles distant from each. It was laid out in 1870. The priucijial industries are grain and fruit-shipping. It has a bank, two grain elevators, two flouring mills, and several manu- facturing establishments, including tile-works, wagon and furniture factories, besides churches and good schools. Population (1880), 650; (1890), 1,044; (1900), 1,.335.

ALT(JELI), John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Gov- ernor, was born in Prussia in 1848, and in boy- hood accompanied his parents to America, the family settling in Ohio. At the age of 16 he enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixty-fourth Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war. His legal education was acquired at St. Louis and Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to '78 he was Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew County in tliat State. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, where he devoted liimself to professional work. In 1884 he led tlie Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for Congress in a strong Republican Congressional district, and in 1886 was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of Cook County, but resigned in August, 1891. Tlie Democratic State conven- tion of 1893 nominated him for Governor, and he was elected the following November, being the first foreign-born citizen to hold that office in the history of the State, and the first Democrat elected since 1852. In 1896 he was a prominent factor in the Democratic National Convention which nominated William J. Bryan for Presi- <]ent, and was also a candidate for re-election to the office of Governor, but was defeated bj' John R. Tanner, the Republican nominee.

ALTON, the principal city of Madison Coimty, and a commercial and manufacturing center, situated on the east bank of the Mississippi, about 25 miles north of St. Louis and 20 miles south of the mouth of the Illinois. Population by the census of 1890, 10,294. Most of the business por- tion of the city is built in a valley through which flows a small stream, while the residence portion occupies the bluffs overlooking the Mississippi River, some of the.se — especially in the northern part — rising to a lieigbt of nearly 250 feet. Be- sides a brisk trade in lumber, Alton has been noted for its manufactures, including glass, iron, castor oil, wo<ilens, flour, tobacco and agricul- tural implements. Its origin was a single small building, erected in 1807 by the French as a trad- ing post, the town proper being laid out by Col. Rufus Easton in 1817. Good building stone is abundant. The city has four newspapers, three of them is.suing daily editions. In 1827 the State built a penitentiary at Alton, but later removed the institution to Joliet. Population (1900), 14.210.

ALTON PEMTEXTIARY. The earliest pun- ishments imposed upon public offenders in Illi- nois were by public flogging or imprisonment for a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs, from which escape was not difficult for a prisoner of nerve, strength and mental resource. The inadequacj' of such places of confinement was soon perceived, but popular antipathy to any increase of ta.xation prevented tlie adoption of any other policy until 1827. A grant of 40,000 acres of saline lands was made to the State by Congress, and a considerable portion of the monej' received from their .sale was appropriated to tlie establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton. The sum set apart proved insufficient, and, in 1831, an additional appropriation of .§10,000 was made from the State treasury. In 1833 tlie i)rison was ready to receive its first inmates. It was built of stone and had but twenty-four cells. Additions were made from time to time, but by 1857 tlie State determined upon building a new peniten- tiary, which was located at Joliet (see Northern Penitentirin/), and, in 1860, the Uist convicts were transferred thither from Alton. Tlie Alton prison was conducted on what is known as "the Auburn plan" — as.sociated labor in silence by day and separate confinement by night. Tlie manage- ment was in the hands of a "lessee." who fur- nished supplies, employed guards and exercised the general powers of a warden under the super- vision of a Commissioner appointed by the State, and who handled all the products of convict labor.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXOIS.

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ALTON RIOTS. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Par-

risit . )

ALTONA, a town of Knox County, on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 16 miles northeast of Galesburg ; has some iiianufaotures, a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 818; (1890). e.M; (1900), 633.

ALTON & SANGAMON RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Alton Railroad.)

AMBOY, a city in Lee County, on Green River, and on the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Bur- lington & Quincy Railroads; 117 miles southeast of Dubuque, 16 miles northwest of Mendota, and 9.5 miles south by west from Chicago. It con- tains a town-hall, a bank, seven churches, graded schools (including a high school) and two flouring mills. Extensive railroad repair shops, employing some 200 hands, are located here. Population (1890), 2.25T; (1900), 1826.

AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal Bishop, born at Amesville, Athens County, Ohio, May 30, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State University, where he joined the M. E. Church. In 1828 he left college and became Principal of the Seminary at Leljanon, 111., which afterwards became McKendree College. While there he received a license to preach, and, after holding various charges and positions in tlie church, in- cluding membership in the General Conference of 1840, '44 and '.52, in the latter year was elected Bishop, serving until his death, which occurred in Baltimore, April 2.5, 1879.

ANDERSON, (ialusha, clerg}-man and edu- cator, was born at Bergen, N. Y., March 7, 1833; graduated at Rochester University in 18.54 and at the Theological Seminary there in 18.56; spent ten j'ears in Baptist pastoral work at Janesville, Wis., and at St. Louis, and seven as Professor in Newton Theological Institute. Mass. From 1873 to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago ; was then chosen President of the old Chicago Univer- sity, remaining eight years, when he again be- came a pastor at Salem, JIass., but soon after assumed the Presidency of Denison University, Ohio. On the organization of the new Chicago University, he accepted the chair of Hoiniletics and Pastoral Theology, which he now liolds

ANDERSON, George A., lawyer and Congress- man, was born in Botetourt County, Va., March 11, 18.58. When two years old he was brought by his parents to Hancock County. Ill He re- ceived a collegiate education, and, after studying law at Lincoln, Neb., and at Sedalia, Mo., settled at Quincy, 111., wliere he began practice in 1880. In 1884 he was elected City Attorney on the

Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without opposition. The following year he was the suc- cessful candidate of his party for Congress, which was his last public service. Died at Quincy, Jan. 31, 1896.

ANDERSON, James C, legislator, was born in Henderson County, 111., August 1, 1845; rai.sed on a farm, and after receiving a common-school education, entered Monmouth College, but left early in the Civil War to enlist in the Twentieth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he served ten years as Sheritf of Henderson County, was elected Representative in the General Assembly in 1888, '9t), '92 and '96, and served on the Republican "steering committee" during the session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at- Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and was a delegate to the Republican National Con- vention of 1896. His home is at Decorra.

ANDERSON, Stinson H., Lieutenant-Gover- nor, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in 1800; came to Jefferson County, 111., in his youth, and, at an early age. began to devote his attention to breeding fine stock; .served in the Black Hawk War as a Lieutenant in 1832, and the same year was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth General Assembly, being reelected in 1834. In 1838 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket with Gov. Thomas Carlin, and soon after the close of his term entered the United States Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacity taking part in the Seminole War in Florida. Still later he served under President Polk as United States Marshal for IlUnois, and also held the position of Warden of the State Penitentiarj- at Alton for several years. Died, September, 1857. — William B. (Anderson), son of the preceding, was born at Mount Vernon, 111., April 30, 1830; attended the common schools and later studied surveying, being elected Surveyor of Jefferson County, in 1851. He studied law and was admit- ted to the bar in 18.58, but never practiced, pre- ferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856 he was elected to the lower house of the General Assembly and re-elected in 18.58. In 1861 he entered the volunteer service as a private, was I>romoted through the grades of Captain and Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 1871, was elected to the State Senate, to fill a vacancv. I;i 1874 he was elected to the Forty-

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

fourth Congress on the Democratic ticket. In 1893 General Anderson was appointed by Presi- dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois. ct)n- tinuing in that position four j-ears, wlien he retired to private life.

ANDRUS, Rev. Reuben, clergyman and edu- cator, was born at Rutland. Jefferson County, N. Y., Jan. 29, 18'.>4; early came to Fulton County, 111., and spent thi-ee years (1844-47) as a student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in 1849; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the Methodist ministry, and, in 18.)0, founded the Illi- nois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, of which he became a Profe.ssor; later re-entered the ministry and held charges at Beardstown, Decatur, Quincy. Springfield and Bloomington, meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois Conference Female College at Jacksonville, anil temporary President of Quincy College. In 1807 he was transferred to the Iniliana Conference and stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; frt)m 1872 to '75 was President of Indiana Asbury Uni- versity at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis, Jan. 17, 1887.

AXNA, a town in Union County, on the Illinois Central Railroad. 37 miles north of Cairo. The surrounding region is famous for its crops of fruit and vegetables, an<l for these Anna is an impor- tant shipping point. It has a bank, three weekly newspapers and fruit-drying establishments. The (State) Southern Hospital for the Insane is located here. Population (1880)), 1,494; (1890), 2,295; (1900), 2,018.

AXTHOXY, Elliott, jurist, was born of New England Quaker ancestry at Spafford, Onondaga County, N. Y., June 10. 1827; was related on the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis- tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His earlj' years were spent in labor on a farm, but after a course of preparatory study at Cortland Academy, in 1847 he entered the .sophomore class in Hamilton College at Clinton, graduating with honors in 1850. The next year he began the study of law, at the same time giving instruction in an Acad- emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve- land as one of his pupils. After admission to the bar at Oswego, in 1851, he removed West, stop- ping for a time at Sterling, 111., but the following year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A Digest of Illinois Reports" ; in 1858 was elected City Attorney, and, in 1803, became solicitor of the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now the Chicago & Northwestern). Judge Anthony served in two State Constitutional Conventions—

those of 1862 and 1809-70— being chairman of the t\)mmittee on Executive Deiiartment and mem- ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter. He was deleg.ite to the National Republican Con- vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, and was re-elected in 1880, retiring in 1892, after which he resumed the practice of his profession, being chiefly employed as consulting counsel. Judge Anthony was one of the founders anil incorpo- rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago Public Library; also serveil as President of the State Bar Association (1894-95), and delivered .several important historical addresses before that body. His other most important productions are volumes on "The Constitutional History of Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State" and "Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of his last term upon the bench, lie spent several months in an extended tour through the princi- pal countries of Europe. His death occurred, after a protracted illness, at his home at Evans- ton, Feb. 24, 1898.

A>TI.>EBRASKA EDITORIAL CONVEN- TION, a political body, which convened at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, pui'suant to the sugge.stion of "The Morgan Journal," then a weekly paper published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for- mulating a policy in opposition to the principles of the Kan.sas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors were in attendance, as follows: Cluirles II. Ray of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of "The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The Rock Island Advertiser"; T. J. Pickett of "The Peoria Republican"; George Schneider of "The Chicago Staats Zeitung" ; Charles Faxon of "The Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga- zette"; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E. C. Daugherty of "The Rockford Register"; E. W. Blaisdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J. Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle"; and Paul Selby of "The Jacksonville Journal. " Paul Selby was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrey, Secre- tary. The convention adopted a platform and recommended the calling of a State convention at Bloomington on Jlay 29, following, appointing the following State Central Committee to take the matter in charge : W. B. Ogden, Chicago ; S. M. Church, Rockford; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet; T. J. Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; WiUiam H. Hemdon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Deca- tur; Joseph Gillespie, Edwardsville ; D. L. Phil- lips, Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and Gustavus Koerner for the State-at-large. Abia-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

19

ham Lincoln was present and participated in the consultations of the committees. All of tliese served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer- ner, the two former declining on account of ab- sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col, Isaac C. Pugli of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven- tion of ISSij. )

APPLE RIVER, a village of Jo Daviess County, on tlie Illinois Central Railroad, 21 miles east-northeast from Galena, Population (1880), 630; (1H90), 572; (1900), 576,

APPLIXGTON, (Maj.) Zenas, soldier, was born in Broome Count}-, N. Y,, Dec, 24, 1815; in 1837 emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where lie fol- lowed successively the occupations of farmer, blacksiiiitli, carpenter and merchant, finally becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here he became wealthy, but lost much of his pro])erty in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he was elected to the State Senate, and, during the session of 18.59, was one of the members of that bod}' appointed to investigate the "canal scrip fraud" (whicli see), and two years later was one of tlie earnest supporters of tlie Government in its preparation for the War of tlie Rebellion. The latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Major, being some time in command at Bird's Point, and later rendering important service to General Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10. He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1863, while obeying an order to cliarge upon a band of rebels concealed in a wood.

APPORTIOXMEST, a mode of distribution of the counties of the State into Districts for the election of members of the General Assembly and of Congress, which will be treated under separate heads:

I.,EGisLATivE. — The first legislative apportion- ment was provided for by the Constitution of 1818, Tliat instrument vested the Legislature with power to divide the State as follows: To create districts for the election of Repre.sentatives not less tlian twenty -seven nor more tlian thirty- six in number, until the population of the State should amount to 100,000; and to create sena- torial districts, in number not less than one-tliird nor more than one-half of the representative dis- tricts at tlie time of organization.

The schedule appended to the first Con.stitution contained the first legal apportionment of Sena- tors and Representatives, The first fifteen counties were allowed fourteen Senators and

twenty-nine Representatives. E^ch county formed a distinct legislative district for repre- sentation in the lower house, with the number of members for eacli varying from one to three; wliile John.son and Franklin were combined in one Senatorial district, the other counties being entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion- ments were made in 1821, '2G, "31, '36, '41 and "47. Before an election was lield under the last, how- ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect, and considerable clianges were effected in this regard. The number of Senators was fixed at twenty-flve and of Representatives at seventy- five, until the entire population should equiil 1.000,000, when five members of the House were added and five additional memljers for each 500,- 000 increase in population until the whole num- ber of Representatives reached 100. Thereafter the number was neither increa-sed nor dimin- ished, but apportioned among the several coun- ties according to the number of white inhabit- ants. Should it be found necessary, a single district might be formed out of two or more counties.

The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four Re]5resentative and twenty-five Senatorial dis- tricts. By tlie apportionment law f)f 18.'>4, the number of the former was increased to fifty-eight, and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen- atorial districts remained unchanged, but their geographical limits varied under each act. while the number of memliers from Representative districts varied according to poiiulation.

The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im- mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of State upon the basis of the United States Census of 1870. Under the apportionment thas made, as prescribed by the schedule, the State was divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre- sentative districts, with an aggi-egate of 177 mem- bers varying from one to ten for the several districts, according to pojiulatioii. This arrange- ment continued in force for only t)ne Legislature — that chosen in 1870.

In 1873 this Legislature proceeded to reappor- tion tlie State in accordance with the principle of "minority representation," which Iiad been sub- mitted as an independent section of the Constitu- tion and adopted on a separate vote. This provided for apportioning the State into fifty-one districts, each being entitled to one Senator and three Representatives. The ratio of representa- tion in the lower liouse was ascertained by divid-

20

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

ing the entire population liy 158 and each county to be allowed one Representative, provided its population reached tliree-fifths of the ratio ; coun- ties having a population equivalent to one and three-fiftlis times the ratio were entitled to two Representatives; wliile each county with a larger po|)ulati()n was entitled to one additional Repre- sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments were made on this principle in 1872, '83 and '98. Members of the lower house are elected bienni- ally; Senators for four years, tliose in odd and even districts being cliosen at each alternate legislative election. The election of Senators for the even (numbered) districts takes place at the same time with that of Governor and other State officers, and that for the odd districts at the inter- mediate periods.

CoNGRESSlOiNAL. — For the first fourteen years of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one Congressional district. The census of 1880 show- ing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831 (by act, a])proved Feb. 13) divided the State into three districts, the first elec:tion under this law being lield on the first Monday in August, 1S32. At that time Illinois com|)ri.sed fifty-five coun- ties, wliich were apportioned among the districts as follows: Fir.st — Gallatin, Pope, Johnson, Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry, Randolph, Monroe, Wasliington, St. Clair, Clin- ton, Bond, Madison, Macoupin; Second — White, Hamilton, Jefl'erson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, Clay, Slarion, Lawrence, Fayette, Montgomery, Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark. Craw- ford; Third — Greene, Morgan, Sangamon, Macon, Tazewell, McLean, Cook, Henry, La Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer, McDonough, Warren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike, Schuyler, Adams, Calhoun.

The reapportionment following the census of 1840 was made by Act of March 1, 1843, and tlie first election of Representatives thereunder occurred on the first Monday of the following August. Forty-one new counties had been cre- ated (making ninety-six in all) and the number of districts was increased to seven as follows; First — Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe, PeiTy, Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, Washington, JIadison; Second — Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Williamson. Gallatin, Franklin, White. Wayne, Hamilton, Wabash, Massac, Jefferson, Edwards, Marion ; Tliird — Lawrence, Richland, Jasper, Fayette, Crawford, Effingham, Christian, Mont- gomery, Shelby, Moultrie, Coles, Clark, Clay, Edgar, Piatt, Macon, De Witt; Fourth — Lake,

McHenry, Boone, Cook, Kane, De Kalb, Du Page, Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Iroquois, Livingston, Cliampaign, Vermilion, McLean, Bureau; Fifth ^ — Greene, Jersey, Calhoim, Pike, Adams, Marquette (a part of Adams never fully organized). Brown, Schuyler, Fulton, Peoria, Maoou|iin ; Sixth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside, Henry, Lee, Rock Island, Stark, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Knox, McDonough, Hancock; Seventh — Putnam, Marshall, Woodford, Cass, Tazewell, Ma,son, Menard, Scott, Morgan, Logan, Sangamon.

The next Congressional apportionment (August 22, 18.52) divided the State into nine districts, as follows— the first election under it being held the following November: First — Lake, McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, Steplienson, Jo Daviess, Car- roll, Ogle ; Sec;ond — Cook, Du Page, Kane, De Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island; Third — Will, Kendall, Grundy, Livingston, La Salle, Putnam, Bureau, Vermilion, Iroquois, Cham- paign, McLean, De Witt; Fourth — Fulton, Peoria, Knox, Henry, Stark, Warren, Mercer, Marshall, Mason, Woodford, Tazewell; Fifth — Adams, Calhoun, Brown, Schuyler, Pike, Mc- Donough, Hancock, Henderson ; Sixth — Morgan, Scott, Sangamon, Greene, Macoupin, Montgom- ery, Slielby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jersey; Seventh — Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar, Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing- ham, Jasper, Clay, LawTence, Ricldand, Fayette; Eighth — Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Bond. Madison, Clinton, Washington, Jeffer.son, Mar- ion; Ninth — Alexander, Pulaski, Massac. Union, Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack- son, Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Haudlton, Edwards, White. Wayne, Wabash.

The census of 1860 showed that Illinois was entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861, created only thirteen districts. This was com- pensated for by providing for the election of one Congressman for the State -at- large. The districts were as follows: Fir.st — Cook, Lake; Second — McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and Kane; Third — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White- side, Carroll, Ogle. Lee: Fourth — Adams, Han- cock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island; Fifth— Peoria, Knox, Stark, Marshall, Putnam, Bureau, Henry; Sixth— La Salle, Grundy, Ken- dall, Du Page, Will, Kankakee; Seventh — Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Moultrie, Cumberland, Vermilion, Coles, Edgar, Iroquois, Ford; Eighth— Sangamon, Logan, De Witt, Mc- Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, Livingston ; Ninth —

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

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Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, Pike, McDonough, Schuyler, Brown ; Tenth — Bond, Morgan, Cal- houn, Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian, Montgomery, Shelby; Eleventh — Marion, Fay- ette, Richland, Jasper, Clay, Clark, Crawford, Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Effingham, Wayne, Jefferson; Twelfth— St. Clair, Madison, Clinton, Monroe, Washington, Randolph; Thirteenth— Alexander, Pulaski, Union, Perry, Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, White, Edwards, Wabash.

The next reapportionment was made July 1, 1872. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol- lows: First — The first seven wards in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the county of Du Page; Second — Wards Eighth to Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third— Wards Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder of Cook County, and Lake County; Fourth — Kane, De Kalb, McHenry, Boone, and Winne- bago; Fifth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth — Henry, Rock Island, Putnam, Bureau, Lee; Seventh — La Salle, Ken- dall, Grundy, Will ; Eighth — Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Marshall, Livingston, Woodford; Ninth — Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth — Mercer, Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock, Srliuyler; Eleventh — Adams, Brown, Calhoun, (hcene, Pike, Jersey; Twelfth — Scott, Slorgan, Jlenard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian; Thirteenth — Mason, Tazewell, McLean, Logan, De Witt; Four- teenth— Macon, Piatt. Champaign, Douglas. Coles, Vermilion; Fifteenth — Edgar, Clark, Cumber- land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence, Jasper, Crawford; Sixteenth — Montgomery', Fayette, Washington, Bond, Clinton, Marion, Clay; Seventeenth — Slacoupin. Madison, St. Clair, Monroe ; Eighteenth — Randolph, Perry, Jackson, Union. Johnson, Williamson, Alex- ander, Pope. Massac, Pulaski ; Nineteenth — Richland, Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash, Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin, Hamilton.

In 1882 (by Act of April 29) the number of dis- tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound- aries determined as follows: First — Wards First to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen towns in Cook County; Second — Wards 5th to Tth and part of 8th in Chicago; Third — Wards :>th to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago; Fovirth — The remainder of the City of Chicago and of tlie county of Cook ; Fifth — Lake, McHenry, Boone, Kane, and De Kalb ; Sixth — Winnebago, Stephenson. Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll;

Seventh — Lee, Whiteside, Henry, Bureau, Put- nam; Eighth — La Salle, Kendall. Grundy, Du Page, and Will; Ninth — Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Livingston, Woodford, Marshall; Tenth — Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton ; Eleventh — Rock Island, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Hancock, McDonough, Schuyler; Twelfth —Cass, Brown. Adams, Pike, Scott, Greene, Calhoun. Jersey ; Thirteenth — Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sanga- mon, Morgan, Christian; Fourteenth — McLean, De Witt, Piatt, Macon, Logan ; Fifteenth — Coles, Edgar, Douglas. Vermilion, Champaign; Sixteenth — Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Montgomery, Moultrie. Shelby, Effingliam. Fayette; Eight- eenth— Bond. Madison, St. Clair. Monroe, Wash- ington; Nineteenth — Marion, Clinton. Jefferson, Saline, Franklin, Hamilton, White, Gallatin, Har- din ; Twentieth ^ Perry, Randolph, Jackson, Union, Williamson, Johnson, Alexander, Pope, Pulaski, Massac.

The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit- led to twenty-two Representatives. No reap- portionment, however, was made until June, 1893, two members from the .State-at-large being elected in 1892. The existing twenty-two Con- gressional districts are as follows: The first seven districts comprise the counties of Cook and Lake, the latter lying wholly in the Seventh dis- trict ; Eighth — McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du Page, Kendall, Grundy; Ninth — Boone, Winne- bago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll. Ogle, Lee; Tenth— Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, Stark, Knox ; Eleventh — Bureau, La Salle, Livingston, Woodford; Twelfth — Will. Kanka- kee, Iroquois, Vermilion; Thirteenth — Ford. Mc- Lean. DeWitt, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas; Four- teenth — Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Mason; Fifteenth — Hendei-son, AVar- ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown, Schuyler; Sixteenth — Cass, I\h)rgan, Scott, Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey; Seventeenth — Menard. Logan. Sangamon. Macon, Christian; Eigliteenth — Madison, Montgomery, Bond. Fayette, Shelby, Moultrie; Nineteenth — Coles, Edgar, Clark, Cumberland. Effingham, Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twenti- eth — Clay, Jefferson, Wayne. Hamilton. Ed- wards. Wabash, Franklin, White, Gallatin, Hardin; Twenty-fir.st — jiarion, Clinton, Wash- ington. St. Clair. Monroe, Randolph, Perry ; Twenty-second — Jackson. Union, Alexander, Pulaski, Johnson, Williamson, Saline. Pope. Massac. (See also Represeritatives 17' Congress.)

IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

ARCHER, William B., pioneer, was born in Warren County, Ohio, in 1792, and taken to Ken- tucky at an early day, wliere he remained until 1817, when his family removed to Illinois, finally settling in what is now Clark Coimty. Although pursuing the avocation of a farmer, he became one of the most prominent and influential men in that part of the State. On the organization of Clark County in 1819, he was appointed the first County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former office in 1820 and the latter in 1822. In 1824 he was elected to the lower branch of the Cieneral A.s.sembly, and two years later to the State Senate, serving continuously in the latter eiglit j'ears. He was thus a Senator on the liieaking out of the Black Hawk War (1832), in which he served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor; was appointed by Governor Duncan, in 183.5, a member of the first Board of Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 was returned a second time to tlie House of Repre- sentatives and re-elected in 1840 and "46 to the same body. Two years later ( 1848) lie was again elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 18,")2. and in 18.')4 was an Anti Nebraska Whig candidate for Congress in opposition to James C. Allen. Although Allen received the certificate of elec- tion. Archer contested liis right to the seat, with the result that Congress declared the seat vacant and referred the question back to the people. In a new election held in August, 18.56, Archer was defeated and Allen elected. He held no public office of importance after this date, but in 18,56 was a delegate to the first Republican National Convention at Philadelphia, and in that body was an enthusiastic supporter of Abraham Lincoln, whose zealous friend and admirer he was, for the office of Vice-President. He was also one of the active promoters of various railroad enterprises in that section of the State, especiallj- the old Chicago & Vincennes Road, the first projected southward from the City of Chicago. His con- nection with the Illinois & Michigan Canal was the means of giving his name to Archer Avenue, a somewhat famous thoroughfare in Chicago. He was of tall stature and great energy of char- acter, with a tendency to enthusiasm that com- municated itself to others. A local history has said of him that "he did more for Clark County than any man in his day or since," although "no consideration, pecuniary or otherwise, was ever given him for his sei-vices. "' Colonel Archer was one of the founders of Marshall, the county -seat of Clark County, Governor Duncan being associ-

ated with him in the ownership of the land on which the town was laid out. His death oc- curred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the age of 78 years.

ARCOLA, an incorporated citj- in Douglas County, 1.58 miles south of Chicago, at tlie inter- section of the Illinois Central and tlie Paris & Decatur Railways. Its principal manufacturing plants are a broom factory and brick and tile works. It also has manufactures of flour, car- riages, and agricultural implements. Areola is lighted by electricity, and contains a handsome city liall, nine churches, a high-school and two newspapers. Population (1890), 1,733; (1900), 1,99.5.

AKGNZ, Francis A., pioneer, was born at Blankenberg. in the Province of the Rhein, Prussia, Oct. 31, 1800; obtained a good education and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile business in his native country. In 1827 he came to the United States and, after spending two years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Galena, where he was engaged for a short time in the leail trade. He took an early opportunity to become naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few months later, went into merchandising and real estate; also became a contractor for furnishing supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk AVar, Beardstown being at the tin»e a rendezvous and shipping point. In 1834 he began the publi- cation of "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land Register," and was tlie projector of the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's Ferry on the Sangamon, for which he secured a special cliarter from the Legislature in 1830. He had a survey of the line made, but the hard times prevented the beginning of the work and it was finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to a tract of land near the Morgan County line which he had bouglit in 1833, and on which the present village of Arenzville now stands. This became the center of a thrifty agricultural com- munity composed largely of CJermans, among whom he exercised a large influence. Resuming the mercantile business here, he continued it until about 1853, when he sold out a considerable part of his possessions. An ardent Whig, he was elected as such to the lower branch of the Four- teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan County, and during the following session suc- ceeded in .securing the passage of an act by which a strip of territory three miles wide in the north- ern part of Morgan County, including the village

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

23

of Arenzville, and wliich had been in dispute, was transferred by vote of the citizens to Cass County. In Ifi-ii Mr. Arenz visited his native land, by appointment of President Filbnore, as bearer of di.sjjatclies to the American legations at Berlin and Vienna. He was one of the founders of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 18.53, and served as the Vice-President for his district until his death, and was also the founder and President of the Cass County Agricultural Soci- ety. Died. April 2, 18.j6.

ARLIXtfTON, a village of Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 92 miles west of Chicago. Population (1880), 447; (1890). 436: (1900), 400.

ARLINGTON HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton). a village of Cook County, on the Chicago & North- western Railway, 22 miles northwest of Chicago; is in a dairying district and has several cheese factories, Ijesides a .sewing machine factorj', hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and one newspaper. Population (1880), 99.5; (1890), 1,424; (1900), 1.380.

.VRMOUF, Philip Danforth, packer. Board of Trade operator and capitalist, was born at Stock- bridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1832. After receiving the benefits of such education as the village academy afforded, in 18.52 he set out across the Plains to California, where he re- mained four years, achieving only moderate suc- cess as a miner. Returning east in 18.56, he soon after embarked in the commission business in Milwaukee, continuing imtil 1863, when he formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunc- tion with his brothers — H. O. Armour having already built up an extensive grain commission trade in Chicago — he organized the extensive packing and commission flnn of Armour & Co., with branches in New York. Kansas City and Chicago, their headquarters being removed to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875. Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me- thodical business man, giving as many hoiu-s to the superintendence of business details as the most industrious day-laborer, the result being seen in the creation of one of the most extensive and prosijerous firms in the country. Mr. Armour's practical tenevolence has been demon- strated in a munificent manner by his establish- ment and endowment of the Armour Institute (a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost of over §2.250,000, as an offshoot of the Armour Mission founded on the bequest of his deceased brother. Joseph F. Armour. Died Jan. 6, 1901.

ARMSTRO.\<;, John Strawn, pioneer, bom in Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of a family of nine sons; was taken by his parents in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent his childhood and early youth. His father was a native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob Strawn. afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and dealer in Morgan County. In 1829, John S. came to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now Marshall) County, all finally removing to La Salle County, where they were among the earli- est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1834, where he continued to reside over fifty years, when he located in the village of Sheridan, but early in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk War, has been a prominent and influential farm- er, and, in the later years of his life, has been a leader in "Granger" politics, being Ma.sterof his local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of the State Grange. — George Washington (Arm- strong), brother of the preceiling. was bom upon the farm of his jxirents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn) Armstrong, in Licking County, Ohio, Dec. 9, 1812; learned the trade of a weaver with his father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at the age of 18 was in charge of the factory. Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family to Illinois, locating a few months later in La Salle County. In 1832 he served with his older brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, was identified with the early steps for the construc- tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finally be- coming a contractor upon the section at Utica, where he resided several years. He then returned to the farm near the present village of Seneca, where he had located in 1833. and where (with tlie e.Kception of his residence at L'tica) he has resided continuously over sixty-five years. In 1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower branch of the Fourteenth General Assembh% also .ser»-ed in the CoiLstitutional Convention of 1847 and, in 1858. was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen Lovejoj-. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as Repre.sentative from La Salle County, he served in that body by succe.ssive re-elections until 1868. proving one of its ablest and most influential members, as well as an accomplished parliamen- tarian. Mr. Armstrong was one of the original promoters of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad. — WiHiam E. (Armstrong), third brother of this family, was bom in Licking Coimty, Ohio, Oct. 25, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

family in 1831, and resided in La Salle County until 1841, meanwhile serving two or three terms as Sheriff of the county. Tlie latter year he was appointed one of the Commissioners to locate the county-seat of the newly-organized county of Grimdy, finally becoming one of the founders and the first permanent settler of the town of Grundy — later called Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. Mor- ris, of Quincy, 111, at that time one of the Com- missioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Here Mr. Armstrong was again elected to the office of Sheriff, serving several terms. So ex- tensive was his influence in Grundy County, that he was pojiularly known as "The Emperor of Grundy." Died. Nov. 1. 18.50.— Joel W. (Arm- strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood to La Salle County, 111. ; served one term as County Recorder, was member of the Board of Supervisors for a number of years and the first Postmaster of his town. Died, Dec. 3, 1871. — Perry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brotlier of this historic family, was born near Newark. Lick- ing County, Ohio, April 1.5, 1823, and came to La Salle Count}', 111., in 1831. His opportunities for acquiring an education in a new country were limited, but between work on the farm and serv- ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a short term in an academy and as a teacher in Kendall Coimty, he managed to prepare himself for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson- ville in 1843. Owing to failure of health, lie was compelled to abandon his plan of obtaining a col- legiate education and returned home at the end of liis Freshman year, but continued his studies, meanwhile teaching district .schools in the winter and working on his mother's farm during the crop season, until 184.5, when he located in Mor- ris. Grundy County, opened a general store and was appointed Postmaster. He has been in pub- lic position of some sort ever since he reached his majoritj', including the offices of School Trustee, Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, County Clerk (two terms). Delegate to the Con- stitutional Convention of 1863, and two terms as Representative in the General Assembly (1862-64 and 1872-74). During his last session in the Gen- eral Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the revision of the statutes under the Constitution of 1870, framing some of the most important laws on the statute book, while participating in the preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell to his lot to draw up the original charters of the Chicago & Rock Island, the lUioois Central, and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He

has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and Masonic circles, having been Grand Master of the first named order in the State and being the old- est 32d degree Mason in Illinois ; was admitted to the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1868, and has been Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do some literary work, as shown by his history of "The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and a num- ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat- ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Illinois, one of which is the story of his first trip from Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he accompanied his olde.st brother (William E. Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and ox- team for salt to cure their mast-fed pork, the trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that there were but three white families in Chicago at that time, but a large number of Indians mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian origin.

ARNOLD, Isaac N., lawyer and Congressman, was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1813, being descended from one of the companions of Roger Williams. Thrown upon his own resources at an early age, he was largely "self-made."' He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted to the bar in 1835. The next year he removed to Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837, but resigned before the close of the year and was admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon established a reputation as a lawyer, and served for three terms (the Tliirteenth, Fourteenth and Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla- ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on the Polk ticket, but the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan- sas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free- soiler. into the ranks of the Republican part}', by wliich he was sent to Congress from 1861 to 1865. While in Congress he prepared and delivered an exhaustive argument in support of the right of confiscation by the General Government. After the expiration of his last Congressional term, Mr. Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided until his death, April 24, 1884. He was of schol- arl)' instincts, fond of Literature and an author of repute. Among his best known works are his "Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of Benedict Arnold."

ARRIXGTON, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C, September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem- ber of Congress from that State. In 1829 he was

IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

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received on trial as a Metliodist preaclier and became a circuit-rider in Indiana ; during 1832-33 served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much celebrity by his eloquence. In 1834 he began the study of law, and having been admitted to the bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas, wliere he was sent to the LegisLature, and, in 18-14, was the Wliig candidate for Presidential Elec- tor. Later he removed to Texas, where lie served as Judge for six years. In 18.")(> he removed to Madison, Wis. , but a year later came to Chicago, where he attained distinction as a lawj-er, dying in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom- plislied scholar and gifted writer, having written mucli for "The Democratic Review" and "The Southern Literary Messenger, " over the signature of "Charles Summerfield," and was author of an "Apostrophe to "Water." which he put in the mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote with great effect. A volume of his poems with a memoir was published in Chicago in 1869.

ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean County, on the Lake Erie & Western Railway, 20 miles east of Bloomington ; is in an agricultural and stock region ; has one newspaper. Population (1890), 420; (1900), 317.

ARTHUR, a village of Moultrie County, at the junction of tlie Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute Railroad, 9 miles west of Areola. The region is agricul- tural. It has a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), ,536: (1900), aj8.

ASAY, Edirard G., lawyer, was born in Phila- delphia, Sept. 17, 182.5; was educated in private schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist E])i.scopal Church; later spent sometime in the South, but in 18.53 retired from the ministry and began the study of law, meantime devoting a part of his time to mercantile business in New York Cit}-. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, remov- ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up a hicrative practice. Ue was a brilliant speaker and became eminent, especially as a criminal lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris and others during their trial for conspiracy in connection with the Camp Douglas affair of No- vember, 1864. During 1871-72 he made an ex- tended trip to Europe, occupying some eighteen months, making a second visit in 1882. His later years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 24, 1898.

ASBURY, Henry, lawyer, was born in Harri- son (now Robertson) County, Ky., August 10,

1810; came to Illinois in 1834, making the jour- ney on horseback and finally locating in Quincy, where he soon after began the study of law with the Hon. O. H. Browning; was admitted to the bar in 1837, being for a time the partner of Col. Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's Bluff in 1862. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was apixjinted by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Land Office, and, in 1864-65, sers'ed by appointment of President Lincoln (who was his close personal friend) as Provost-Marslial of the Quincy dis- trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain," by which he was widely known among his friends. Later he served for several years £is Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was his last official ixjsition. Originally a Kentucky Whig, Captain Asburj' was one of the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in co- operation with Abram Jonas. Archibald Williams, Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent corre- spondent at that period. Messrs. Nicolay and Ha}', in their Life of Lincoln, award him the credit of having suggested one of the famous questions propounded by Lincoln to Douglas which gave the latter so much trouble during the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued to reside until his death, Nov. 19, 1896.

ASHL.iXD, a town in Cass County, at the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the Baltimore & Ohio South-Western Railroad, 21 miles west-northwest of Springfield and 200 miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of a rich agricultural region, and is an important sliipping point for grain and stock. It has a bank, three churches and a weekly newspaper. Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1880), 609; (1890), 1.045; (1900), 1,201.

ASHLEY', a large and growing village in Wash- ington County, at the intersection of the Illinois Central and the Louisville & Nashville Railways, 62 miles from St. Louis. The surrounding region is agricultural, there lieing also many orchards. Its manufactures include flour and agricultural implements. Population (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953.

ASH3I0RE, a town of Coles County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- way, 8 miles northeast of Cliarleston ; has a news- paper and considerable local trade. Population (1880). 403; (1890), 476; (1900). 446.

ASHTOX, a village of Lee Count}*, on the Chi- cago & North-Western Railroad, 84 miles west of

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IIISTUKKAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

Chicago; has one newspai>er. Population (1880), 6-16: (1890), 680; (190U), 7.50.

ASPIXWALL, Homer F., fanner and legisla- tor, was born in Stephenson County, III., Nov. 15, 1846, educated in the Freeport high school, and, in early life, spent two j-ears in a wholesale notion store, later resuming the occupation of a farmer. After Iiolding various local offices, in- cluding that of member of the Board of Supervis- ors of Stephenson County, in 1892 Jlr. Aspinwall was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in 1896. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- American War in 1898, he was appointe<l by President McKinley Captain and Assistant Quartermaster in the Volunteer Army, but before being assigned to duty accepted the Lieu- tenant-Colonelcy of the Twelfth Illinois Pro- visional Regiment. When it became evident that the regiment would not be called into the service, he was assigned to the command of the "Mani- toba,'' a large trans])ort steamer, which carried some 12,000 soldiers to Cub;i and Porto Rico with- out a single accident. In view of the approach- ing session of the Forty-first General Assembly, it being apparent that the war was over, Mr. Aspinwall applied for a discharge, which was refused, a 20-days' leave of absence being granted instead. A discharge was finally granted about the middle of February, when he resumed his seat in the Senate, llr. Aspinwall owns and operates a large farm near Free])ort.

ASSUJIPTION, a town in Christian County, on tlie Illinois Central Riilroad, 23 miles soutli by west from Decatur and 9 miles north of Pana. It is situated in a rich agricultural and coal min- ing district, and has a bank, four churches, a public school, two weekly papers and coal mines. Population (1880), 706; (1890). 1,076; (1900), 1.702.

.\STORI.\, a town in the southern part of Ful- ton County, on the Rock Island & St. Louis Divi- sion of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 106 miles nortli of Alton and .50 miles nortliwest of Springfield. It has six churches, good schools, two banks, some manufactures, and a weekly newspaper. It is in a coal region. Population (1880), 1.280; (1890), 1.3."; (1900), 1.684.

ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA FE RAIL- WAT COMPANY. This Company operates three subsidiary lines in Illinois — the Chicago, Santa Fe & California, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe in Chicago, and the Mississippi River Rail- road & Toll Bridge, which are operated as a through line between Chicago and Kansas City, with a branch from Ancona to Pekin, 111., hav- ing an aggregate operated mileage of 515 miles, of

which 295 are in Illinois. The total earnings and income for the year ending June 30. 1S95. were §1,298,600, while the operating e.xpenses and fixed charges amounted to §2,360.700. Tlie accumu- lated deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30, 1894, to more than $4,500,000. The total capitali- zation of the whole line in 1895 was §52,775,251. The parent road was chartered in 1859 under the name of the Atchison & Topeka Railroad ; but in 18(i3 was changed to the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main line was begun in 1859 and completed in 1873. The largest number of miles operated was in 1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road was reorganized under the name of The Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railwaj- Company (its present name), which succeeded by purchase under fore- closure (Dec. 10, 1895) to the projierty and fran- chises of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Company. Its mileage, in 1895, was 6,481.65 miles. The executive and general ofScers of thesj-stem (1898) are:

Aldace F. Walker, Cliairman of the Board, New York; E. P. Ripley, President, Chicago; C. M. Higginson, Ass't to the President, Chicago; E. D. Kenna, 1st Vice-President and General Solicitor, Chicago; Paul Morton, 2d Vice-Presi- dent, Chicago; E. Wilder, Secretary and Treas- urer, Topeka; L. C. Deming, Assistant Secretary, New York; H. W. Gardner, Assistant Treasurer, New York; Victor Morawetz, General Counsel, New York; Jno. P. Whitehead. Comptroller, New York; H. C. Whitehead, General Auditor, Cliicago ; W. B. Biddle, Freight Traffic Manager, Chicago; J. J. Frey, General Manager, Topeka; H. W. Mudge, General Superintendent, Topeka; W. A. Bissell, Assistant Freight Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. F. White, Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; Geo. T. Nicholson, Assistant Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. E. Hodges, General Purchasing Agent, Chicago; James A. Davis, Industrial Commissioner, Chi- cago; James Dun, Chief Engineer, Topeka, Kan.; John Player, Superintendent of Machinery, Topeka. Kan. ; C. W. Koims. Superintendent Car Service, Topeka, Ean. ; J. S. Hobson, Signal Engineer, Topeka; C. G. Sholes, Superintendent of Telegraph, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Ryus, General Claim Agent, Topeka; F. C. Gay, General Freight Agent, Topeka; C. R. Hudson, Assistant General Freight Agent, Topeka; W. J. Black, General Passenger Agent, Chicago; P. Walsh, General Baggage Agent, Chicago.

ATHENS, a town in Menard County, north- northwest of Springfield, on the Chicago, Peoria

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

27

& St. Louis Railroad. A Taluable building stone is extensively quarried here, which is susceptible of a high polish and is commonly designated Athens Marble. The to\m has three churches, a bank, several milLs, a newspaper office, and three coal mines. Agriculture, stone-quarrj-ing and coal-mining are the principal industries of the surroimding region. Population (1880), 410; (1890), 944; (1900), 1,535.

ATKIXS, Smith D., soldier and journalist, was born near Elmira, X. Y., June 9, 1S36; came with his father to Illinois in 1846, and lived on a farm till 1850; was educated at Rock River Seminary, Mount Morris, meanwhile learning tlie printer's trade, and afterwards establislied "The Savanna Register" in Carroll County. In 1854 he began the study of law, and in 1800, while practicing at Freeport, was elected Prosecuting Attorney, but resigned in 1861, being the first man to enlist as a private soldier in Stephenson County. He served as a Captain of the Eleventh Illinois Volunteers (three-months" men), re-enlisted with the same rank for three years and took part in the capture of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, sers'- ing at the latter on the staff of General Hurlbut. Forced to retire temporarily on account of his health, he next engaged in raising volunteers in Northern Illinois, was finally commissioned Col- onel of the Xinety-second Illinois, and, in June, 1863, was assigned to command of a brigade in the Army of Kentucky, later serving in the Armj- of the Cmnberland. On the organization of Sher- man's great "March to the Sea," he efficiently cooperated in it, was brevetted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Savannah, and at the close of the war, by special order of President Lincoln, was brevetted Major-General. Since the war. Gen- eral Atkins' chief occupation has been that of editor of "The Freeport Journal," though, for nearly twenty-four years, he served as Post- master of that city. He took a prominent part in the erection of the Stephenson County Sol- diers' Monument at Freeport, has been President of the Freeport Public Library since its organiza- tion, member of the Board of Education, and since 1895, by api)ointment of the Governor of Illinois, one of the Illinois Commissioners of the Chicka- mauga and Chattanooga Military Park.

ATKINSON, a village of Henry County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles east of Rock Island. It has a bank and a news- paper. Population (1890), 534; (1900), 762.

ATLANTA, a city of Logan County, on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 20 miles southwest of Bloomington and 39 miles north -northeast of

Springfield. It stands on a high and fertile prairie and the surrounding region is rich in coal, as well as a productive agricultural and stock- raising district. It has five churches, a graded school, a weekly newspaper, two banks and two flouring mills. Coal is mined within the city limits. Population (1890), 1,178; (1900), 1,270.

ATLAS, a liamlet in the southwestern part of Pike Countj-, 10 miles southwest of Pittsfield and three miles from Rockport, the nearest station on the Quincy & Louisiana Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Atlas has an in- teresting history. It was settled by Col. William Ross and four brothers, who came here from Pittsfield. Mass., in the latter part of 1819. or early in 1820, making there the first settlement within the present limits of Pike County. The town was laid out by the Rosses in 1823, and the next year the county-seat was removed thither from Coles Grove — now in Calhoun County — but which had been the first county-seat of Pike County, when it comprised aU the territory lying north and west of the Illinois River to the Mis- sissippi River and the Wisconsin State line. Atlas remained the county-seat until 1833. when the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. During a part of that time it was one of the most important points in the western part of the State, and was. for a time, a rival of Quincy. It now has onlj- a postoffice and general store. The population, according to the census of 1890, was .52.

ATTORNEYS-fJENERAL. The following is a list of tlie Attorneys-General of Illinois under the Territorial and State Governments, down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each incumbent :

Territori.\l — Benjamin H. Doyle, July to De- cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, Dec. 30 to April, 1810; Thomas T. Crittenden, April to October, 1810; Benj. M. Piatt, October, 1810-13; William Mears, 18l;M8.

State — Daniel Pope Cook. March 5 to Dec. 14, 1819; William Mears, 1819 21; Samuel D. Lock- wood, 1821 23; James Turney. 1823-29; George Forquer, 1829-33; James Semple, 1833-34; Xinian W. Edwards, 1834-35; Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., 1835-36; Walter B. Scates, 1836-37; Usher F. Linder. 1837-38; George W. Ohiey, 1838-39; Wick- liffe Kitchell. 1839-40; Josiah Lambom, 1840-43; James Allen McDougal, 1843-46; David B. Camp- bell, 1846-48.

The Constitution of 1848 made no provision for the continuance of the office, and for nineteen years it remained vacant. It was re-created.

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

however, by legislative eniictnient in 1867, aiul on Feb. 28 of that year (Jovernor Oglesby appointed Robert G. Ingersoll, of Peoria, to dis- charge the duties of the position, which he con- tinued to do until 1869. Subsequent incumbents of the office have been: Washington Buslmell, 1869-73; James K. Edsall, 1873-81; James McCart- ney, 1881-85; George Hunt, 1885-93; M. T. Moloney, 1893-97; Edward C. Akin, 1897 — . Under the first Constitution (1818) the office of Attorney- General was filled by appointment by the Legisla- ture; under the Constitution of 1848, as already stated, it ceased to exist until created by act of the Legislature of 1867, but, in 1870, it was made a constitutional office to be filled by popular election for a term of four years.

ATWOOD, a village lying partly in Piatt and partly in Douglas Count}', on the Indianapolis, Decatur & Western Riiihvay. 27 miles east of Decatur. The region is agricultural; the town has a bank and a newspaper Population (1880), 212; (1890), 530; (1900), 698.

ATWOOD, Charles B., arcliitect, was born at Millbury, Mass., May 18, 1849; at 17 began a full course in architecture at Harvard Scientific School, and, after graduation, received prizes for public buildings at San Francisco, Hartford and a number of other cities, besides furnishing designs for some of the finest private residences in the country. He was associated with D. H. Burnham in preparing plans for the Columbian Exposition buildings, at Chicago, for the World's Fair of 1893, and distinguished himself by pro- ducing plans for the "Art Building," the "Peri- style," the "Terminal Station" and other prominent structures. Died, in the midst of his highest successes as an architect, at Chicago, Dec. 19, 1895.

AUBURN, a town in Sangamon Count}', on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles south-south- west of Springfield. Manufacturing is carried on to some extent, the output consisting of flour, car- riages and farm implements. It has several churches, a graded school, a bank and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 874; (1900), 1,281.

AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The Auditors of Public Accounts under the Terri- torial Government were H. H. Jlaxwell, 1812-16; Daniel P. Cook, 1816-17; Robert Blackwell, (April toAugvist), 1817; Elijah C. Berry, 1817-18. Under the Constitution of 1818 the Auditor of Public Accounts was made appointive by the legislature, without limitation of term ; but by the Constitu- tions of 1848 and 1870 the office was made elective by the people for a term of four years.

The following is a list of the State Auditors from the date of the admission of the State into the Union down to the present time (1899), with the date and duration of the term of each: Elijah C. Berry, 1818-31; James T. B. Stapp, 1831-35; Levi Davis, 1835-41; James Shields, 1841-43; WilUam Lee D. Ewing, 1843 46; Thomas H. Campbell, 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois, 1857-64; Orlin H. Miner, 1864-09; Cliarles E. Lippiucott, 1869-77; Thomas B. Needles, 1877-81; Charles P. Swigert, 1881-89; C. W. Pavey, 1889-93; David Gore, 1893-97; James S. McCullough, 1897 — .

AUGUSTA, a town in Augusta township, Han- cock County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 36 miles nortlieast of Quincy. Carriages, plows, flour, brooms and woolen goods are the princijial manufactures. The town has two newspapei's, a bunk, four churches and a graded school. The surrounding country is a fertile agricultural region and abounds in coal. Fine qualities of potter's clay and mineral paint are obtained here. Population (1880), 1,015; (1890), 1,077; (1900). 1.149.

AUGUSTANA COLLEGE, an educational insti- tution controlled by tlie Evangelical Lutheran denomination, located at Rock Island and founded in 1863. Besides preparatory and collegiate de- partments, a theological scliool is connected witli the institution. To tlie two first named, young women are admitted on an equality with men. More than 500 students were reported in attendance in 1896, about one-fourth being women. A majority of the latter were in the preparatory (or academic) department. The col- lege is not endowed, but owns property (real and personal) to the value of .$250,000. It has a library of 12,000 volumes.

AURORA, a city and an important railroad center in Kane County, situated on Fox River, 39 miles southwest of Chicago. Machine and repair shops of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- road are located here. Other important manufac- turing industries are: iron works, extensive cotton and woolen mills, flour mills, silver-plating works, carriage factories, stove and smelting- works and establishments for turning out road .scrapers, carpet-sweepers, bugg}' tops and wood- working machinery. The water-works and elec- tric-lighting plants are owned by the city. Five banks supply the demand for banking facilities. The city has twenty-five churches, admirable schools and a public library. The periodicals (1896) embrace five daily, one semi-weekly and five or six weekly papers. Population (1880), 11.873; (1890), 19,688; (1900), 24,147.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

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AUSTIN, a suburb of Chicago, in Cook County. It is accessible from that city by either the Chi- cago & Northwestern Railway, or by street railway lines. A weekly newspaper is issued, a graded school is supported (including a high school department) and there are numerous churches, representing the various religious denominations. Population (1880). 1,3.59; (1890), 4,031. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1899.

AUSTIN COLLEGE, a mixed school at Effing- ham, 111., founded in 1890. It has eleven teachers and reports a total of 312 pupils for 1897-98—162 males and 1.50 females. It has a library of 2,000 volumes and reports property valued at .537,000.

AUSTRALIAN BALLOT," a form of ballot for popular elections, thus named because it was first brought into use in Australia. It was adopted by act of the Legislature of Illinois in 1891, and is applicable to the election of all public officers except Trustees of Schools, School Direct- ors, members of Boards of Education and officers of road districts in counties not under township organization. Under it, all ballots for the elec- tion of officers (except those .just enumerated) are required to be printed and distributed to the election officers for use on the day of election, at public cost. These ballots contain the names, on the same sheet, of all candidates to be voted for at such election, such names having been formallj' certified previously to the Secretary of State (in the case of candidates for offices to be voted for by electors of the entire State or any district greater than a single county) or to the County Clerk (as to all others), b_v the presiding officer and secretary of the convention or caucus making such nominations, when the party repre- sented cast at least two per cent of the aggregate vote of the State or district at tlie preceding gen- eral election. Other names may be added to the ballot on the petition of a specified number of the legal voters under certain prescribed conditions named in the act. The duly registered voter, on presenting himself at the poll, is given a copy of the official ticket by one of the judges of election, upon which he proceeds to indicate his prefer- ence in a temporary booth or closet set apart for his use, by making a cross at the head of the col- umn of candidates for whom he wishes to vote, if he desires to vote for all of the candidates of the same party, or by a similar mark before the name of each individual for whom he wishes to vote, in case he desires to distribute his support among the candidates of different parties. The object of the law is to secure for the voter secrecy of the ballot, with independence and freedom from dic-

tation or interference by others in the exercise of his right of suffrage.

AVA, a town in Jackson County, on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad (Cairo & St. Louis Division), 75 miles south-southeast from St. Louis. It has one or more banks and a newspaper. Population (1880), 30.5; (1890), 807; (1900). 984.

AVON, a village of Fulton County, on the Chi- cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 20 miles south of Galesburg; has two newspapers and drain-pipe works. Considerable live-stock and farm produce are shipped here. Population (1880), 089; (1890). 092; (1900), 809.

AVER, Reiijamin F., lawyer, was born in Kingston, N. H., April 22, 182.5, graduated at Dartmouth College in 1846, studied law at Dane Law School (Harvard University), was admitted to the bar and began practice at Manchester, N. H. After serving one term in the Xew Hamp- shire Legislature, and as Prosecuting Attorney for Hillsborough County, in 18.57 he came to Chica- go, soon advancing to the front rank of lawyers then in practice there ; became Corporation Counsel in 1861, and, two years later, drafted the revised city charter. After the close of his official career, he was a member for eight years of the law firm of Beckwith, Aver & Kales, and afterwards of the firm of Ayer & Kales, until, retiring from general practice, Mr. Ayer became Solicitor of the Illinois Central Railroad, then a Director of the Company, and is at present its General Counsel and a potent factor in its management.

AYERS, Marshall Paul, banker. Jacksonville, was born in Philadelpliia, Pa.. July 27. 1823; came to Jacksonville, 111., with his parents, in 1830, and was educated there, graduating from Illinois College, in 1843, as the classmate of Dr. Newton Bateman, afterwards President of Knox College at Galesburg, and Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N.Y. After leaving col- lege he became the partner of his father (David B. Ayers)as agent of Mr. John Grigg, of Philadel- phia, who was the owner of a large body of Illi- nois lands. His father dying in 18.50, Mr. Ayers succeeded to the management of the business, about 75,000 acres of Mr. Grigg's unsold lands coming under his charge. In Decemlier, 1852, with the assistance of Messrs. Page & Bacon, bank- ers, of St. Louis, he opened the first bank in Jack- sonville, for the sale of exchange, but which finally grew into a bank of deposit and has been continued ever since, being recognized as one of the most solid institutions in Central Illinois. In 1870-71. aided by Philadelphia and New York capitalists, he built the "Illinois Farmers' Rail-

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

roaJ" between Jacksonville and Waverly, after- wards extended to Virdeu and finally to Centralia and llount Vernon. This was the nucleus of the Jacksonville Soutlieastern Railway, tliough Mr. Ayers lias had no connection with it for several years. Other business enterprises with which he has been connected are the Jacksonville (ias Coni- panj' (now including an electric light and power plant), of which he has been President for forty years: the "Home Woolen Mills" (early wiped out by fire), sugar and paper-barrel manufacture, coal mining, etc. About 1877 he purchased a body of 23,(51)0 acres of land in Chani])aign County, known as "'Broadlands, " from Jolm T. Alexander, an e.\tensive cattle-dealer, wlio liad become heavily involved during the years of financial revulsion. As a result of this transaction, Mr. Alexander's debts, which aggregated §1,000,000, were discharged within the next two years. Mr. Ayers has been an earnest Republican since the organization of that party and, during the war, rendered valuable service in assisting to raise funds for the support of the operations of the Christian Commission in the field. He has also been active in Sunday School, benevolent and educational work, having been, for twenty years, a Trustee of Illinois College, of which he has been an ardent friend. In 1846 he was married to Miss Laura Allen, daughter of Rev. John Allen, D. D., of Huntsville, Ala., and is the father of four sons and four daugliters, all living.

IJABCOCK, Amos C, wiis Iwrn at IVnn Yan, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1X2S, the son of a member of Con- gress from that State ; at the age of 18, liaving lost his father by death, came West, and soon after engaged in mercantile busine.ss in partner- ship with a brother at Canton, 111. In 1854 he was elected by a majority of one vote, as an Anti- Nebraska Whig, to the lower brancli of the Nine- teenth General Assembly, and, in the following session, took part in the election of United States Senator whicli resulted in the choice of Lyman Trumbull. Although a personal and political friend of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Babcock, as a matter of policj', cast his vote for his townsman, William Kellogg, afterwards Congressman from that dis- trict, until it was apparent that a concentration of the Anti-Nebraska vote on Trumbull was nece,s.sarj- to defeat the election of a Democrat. In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln the first Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fourth District, and, in 18G3, was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the One Hundred and Third Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned. (Colonel Babcock served as Delegate-at large in

the Republican National Convention of 1868, which nominated General Grant for the Presi- dency, and the same year was made Chairman t)f the Repuljlican State Central Committee, also conducting tlie campaign two years later. He identified liim.self witli the Greeley movement in 1872, but, in 1870, was again in line with Ids party and restored to his old position on the State Central Committee, serving until 1878, Among business enterprises with which he was con- nected was tlie extension, about 1854, of the Buda brancli of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from Yates City to Canton, and the erection of the State Cajiitol at Austin, Tex., which was undertaken, in conjunction with Abner Taylor and J. V. and C. B. Farwell, aljout 1881 and completed in 1888, for which the firm received over 3,000,000 acres of State lands in the "Pan Handle" portion of Texas. In 1889 Colonel Babcock took up his residence in Chicago, which continued to Ije his home until his death from apoplexy, Feb. 2.5, 1899.

BABCOCK, Andrew J,, soldier, was torn at Dorchester, Norfolk County, Mass., July 19, 1830; began life as a coppersmith at Lowell; in 18,51 went to Concord, N. H., and, in 1856, removed to Springfield, 111., where, in 18.59, he joined a mili- tary company called the Springfield Greys, c-om- manded by Capt. (afterwards Gen. ) John Cook, of whicli he was First Lieutenant. This company became the nucleus of Company I, Seventli Illi- nois Volunteers, which enlisted on Mr. Lincoln's first call for troops in April, 18GI. Captain Cook having been elected Colonel, Babcock succeeded him as Captain, on the re-enlistment of the regi- ment in July following becoming Lieutenant- Colonel, and, in March, 1862, being promoted to the Colonelcy "for gallant and meritorious service rendered at Fort Donelson." A year later he was compelled to resign on account of impaired health. His home is at Springfield.

BACON, George E., lawyer and legislator, born at Madison, Ind., Fel). 4, 1851; was brouglit to Illinois by his parents at three years of age, and, in 1876, located at Paris, Edgar County; in 1879 was admitted to the bar and held various minor offices, including one term as State's Attorney. In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the State Senate and re-elected four years later, but finally removed to Aurora, where he died, .luly 6, 1896. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized ability, as shown by the fact that, after the deatli of Senator John A. Logan, he was selected bj- his colleagues of the Senate to jironounce the eulogy on the deceased statesman.

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BAGBT, John C, jurist and Congressman, was born at Glasgow, Ky., Jan. 24, 1819. After pas- sing through the common schools of Barren Coimty, Ky., he studied civil engineering at Bacon College, graduating in 1840. Later he read law and was admitted to the bar in 1845. In 1S4G he commenced i)ractice at Rushville, 111., confining himself exclusively to profe.ssional work until nominated and elected to Congress in 1874, by the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In 188.") he was elected to the Circuit Bench for the Sixtli Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896.

BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist, was born at Middlebury, Wyoming County, N. Y., June 22, 1833, graduated from Rochester (N. Y.) University in 18.54, and was admitted to the bar in that city in 18.55. In Augu.st, 1856. he removed to Freeport. 111., where he soon built up a profitable practice. In 1866 he was elected a Representative in the Twenty -fifth General Assembly, being re-elected in 1808. Here lie was especially prominent in securing restrictive legis- lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a Judge of the Thirteenth judicial district, and re elected in 1879 and in 1885. In January, 1878, and again in June, 1879, he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court, being presiding Justice from June, 1879. to June, 1880, and from June. 1881, to June. 1882. In 1879 he received the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in office. Oct. 16, 1895.

B.VILH.VCHE, John, pioneer journalist, was born in the I.sland of Jersey, May 8, 1787; after gaining the rudiments of an education in his mother tongue (the French), he acquired a knowl- edge of English and some proficiency in Greek and Latin in an academy near his paternal home, when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice. In 1810 he came to the United States, first locat- ing at Cambridge, Ohio, but, in 1812, purchased a half interest in "The Fredonian" at Chillicotlie (then the State Capital), soon after becoming sole owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga- zette" and consolidated the two papers under the name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian Chronicle." Here he remained until 1828, mean- time engaging temporarily in the banking busi- ness, also serving one term in the Legislature (1820), and being elected Associate Justice of the Court of Common Pleas for Ross County. In 1828 he removed to Columbus, assuming charge

of "The Ohio State Journal," served one term as Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour- nal" in 1836, he came west, the next year becom- ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The Telegraph" at Alton, 111., which he conducted alone or in association with various partners untU 18.54, when he retired, giving his attention to the book and job branch of the business. He served as Repre.sentative from Madison County in tlie Thir- teenth General Assembly (1842-44). As a man and a journalist Judge Bailhache commanded the liighest respect, and did much to elevate the standard of journalism in Illinois, "The Tele- graph," during the periotl of his connection with it, being one of the leading papers of the State. His death occurred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as the result of injuries received the day previous, by being thrown from a carriage in which he was riding.— Maj. William Henry (Bailliache), son of the preceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, August 14, 1826, removed with his father to Alton, m., in 1836, was educated at Shurtleff College, and learned the printing trade in the office of "The Telegi-aph," under the direction of his father, afterwards being associated with the business department. In 1855, in partnership with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the proprietors and business manager of "The State Journal" at Springfield. During the Civil War he received from President Lincoln the appoint- ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank of Major. After the war he returned to journal- ism and was associated at different times with "The State Journal" and "The Quincy WTiig." as business manager of each, but retired in 1873 ; in 1881 was appointed bj- President Arthur, Receiver of Public Moneys at Santa Fe., N. M., remaining four years. He is now (1899) a resi- dent of San Diego, Cal., where he has been engaged in newspaper work, and. under the administration of President McKiuley, lias been a Special Agent of the Treasury Department. — Preston Heath (Bailhache). another son, was born in Columbus, Oliio, Feb. 21, 18.35, served as a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a Surgeon in the regular army and luxs held posi- tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing- ton and New York, and has visited Europe in the interest of sanitary and hospital service. At present (1899) he occupies a prominent position at the headquarters of the United States Marine Hospital Service in Washington. — Arthur Lee (Bailhache), a third son, bom at Alton, 111., April

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

12, 1839; at the beginning of the Civil War was employed in the State commissary service at Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of tlie Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9, 1862, as the result of disea.se and exposure in the service.

BAKER, David Jewett, lawyer and United States Senator, was born at East Haddam, Conn. , Sept. 7. 1792.. His family removed to New York in 1800. where he worked on a farm during boy- hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in 1816, and three years later was admitted to the bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac- tice at Easkaskia, where he attained prominence in his profession and was made Probate Judge of Randolph County. His oppo.sition to the intro- duction of slavery into the State was so aggres- sive that his life was frequently threatened. In 1830 Governor Edwards appointed him United States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of Senator 5IeLean, but he served only one month when he was succeeded by John M. Robinson, who was elected by the Legislature. He was United States District Attorney from 1833 to 1841 (the State then constituting but one district), and thereafter resumed private practice. Died at Alton, August 6, 18G9. — Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre- ceding, was born at Kaskaskia. 111., Nov. 10, 1824, received his preparatory education at Shurt- leff College, Upper Alton, and, in 1843, entered Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin- ning practice at Alton, the home of his father, Hon. David J. Baker. In 18.'54 he was elected iis an Anti -Nebraska candidate to the lower branch of the Nineteenth General Assembly, and, at the subsequent session of the General Assembly, was one of the five Anti-Nebraska members whose imcompromising fidelity to Hon. Lyman Trum- bull resulted in the election of the latter to the United States Senate for the first time — the others being his colleague, Dr. George T. Allen of the House, and Hon. John M. Palmer, afterwards United States Senator, Burton C. Cook and Nor- man B. Judd in the Senate. He served as one of the Secretaries of the Republican State Convention held at Bloomington in May, 18.)6, was a Repub- lican Presidential Elector in 1864, and. in 1865, became Judge of the Alton City Court, serving until 1881. In 1876 he presided over the Repub- lican State Convention, served as delegate to the Republican National Convention of the same year and was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison.

Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver the address on occasion of the unveiling of the statue of Lieut. -Gov. Pierre Menard, on the capitol grounds at Springfield, in January, 1888. About 1888 he retired from practice, dying at Alton, March 5, 1897. — Edward L. (Baker), second son of David Jewett Baker, was liorn at Kaskaskia. 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Shurt- leff College in 1847; read law with his father two years, after which he entered Harvard Law School and was admitted to the bar at Spring- field in 18.55. Previous to this date Mr. Baker had become associated with William H. Bailhache, in the management of "The Alton Daily Telegraph," and, in July, 1855, they purchased "The Illinois State Journal," at Springfield, of which Mr. Baker assumed the editorship, remaining until 1874. In 1869 he was appointed United States Assessor for the Eighth District, serving until the abolition of the ofiice. In 1873 he received the appointment from President Grant of Consul to Buenos Ayres, South America, and. assuming the duties of the office in 1874, remained there for twenty -three j"ears, proving himself one of the most capable and efficient officers in the con- sular service. On tlie evening of the 20th of June, 1897, when Mr. Baker was about to enter a railway train already in motion at the station in tlie city of Buenos Ayres. he fell under the cars, receiving injuries wliich necessitated the ampu- tation of his right arm, finall}' resulting in his death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres, July 8, following. His remains were brought home at the Government expense and interred in Oak Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu- ment has since been erected in his lionor, bearing a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres and foreign representatives in that city express- ive of their respect for his memory. — David Jewett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jewett Baker, Sr., was born at Kaskaskia, Nov. 20,1834; graduated from Shurtleff College in 18.54, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. In November of that year he removed to Cairo and began prac- tice. He was Mayor of that city in 1864-65, and, in 1869, was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (bj- Act of March 28) having divided the State into twenty-six circuits, he was elected Judge of the Twenty -sixth, on June 2, 1873. In August, 1878, he resigned to accept an appointment on the Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese, deceased, but at the close of his term on the Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit Judge, and again in 1885. During this period he

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served for several years on the Appellate Bench. In 18«8 he retired from the Circuit Bench by- resignation and was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Again, in 1897, he was a candidate for re-election, but was defeated by Carroll C. Boggs. Soon after retiring from the Supreme Bench he removed to Chicago and engaged in general practice, in partnership with his son, Jolin W. Baker. He fell dead almost instantly in his office, March 13, 1899. In aU, Judge Baker liad spent some thirty years almost continuously on the bench, and had attained eminent distinction both as a lawyer and a jurist.

BAKER, Edward Dickinson, soldier and United States Senator, was l>orn in London, Eng., Feb. 24, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while yet in liis minority, first locating at Belleville, afterwards removing to Carrollton and finally to Sangamon Coimty, the last of which he repre- sented in the lower house of the Tenth General As.serably, and as State Senator in the Twelfth and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned in December, 1846, to accept the colonelcy of the Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in the Mexican War, and succeeded General Sliields in command of the brigade, when the latter was wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected to Congress from the Galena District; was also identified with the construction of the Panama Railroad; went to San Francisco in 1852, but later removed to Oregon, where he was elected to the United States Senate in 18G0. In 1861 he resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union army, commanding a brigade at the battle of Balls Bluflf, where he was killed, October 21, 1861.

BAKER, Jehn, lawyer and Congressman, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov. 4, 1832. At an early age he removed to Illinois, making his home in Belleville, St. Clair County. He re- ceived his early education in the common schools and at McKendree College. Althougli he did not graduate from the latter institution, he received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M. in 18.58. and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time lie studied medicine, but abandoned it for the study of law. From 1861 to 18C5 he was blaster in Chancery for St. Clair County. From 1865 to 1869 he represented the Belleville District as a Republican in Congress. From 1876 to 1881 and from 1882 to 1885 he was Minister Resident in Venezuela, during the latter portion of liis term of service acting also as Consul-General. Return- ing home, he was again elected to Congress (1886)

from the Eighteenth District, but was defeated for re-election, in 1888, by William S. Forman, Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified himself with the Free Silver Democracy and People's Party, he was elected to Congress from the Twentieth District over Everett J. Murphy, the Republican nominee, serving until March 3, 1899. He is the author of an annotated edition of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of the Romans."

BALDWIN, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla- tor, was bom in Litchfield County, Conn., March 8, 1806; at 16 years of age began teaching a coun- try school, continuing this occupation for several years during the winter months, while working on his father's farm in the summer. He then started a store at New Milford, which he man- aged for three years, when he sold out on account of his health and began farming. In 1833 he came west and purchased a considerable tract of Government land in La Salle County, where the village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing thither with his family the follo^ving year. He served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con- secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La Salle County six years. In 1856 he was elected as a Republican to the House of Representatives, was re-elected to the same office in 1866, and to the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first Board of Public Charities, serving as President of the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His- tory of La Salle County." which contains much local and biographical history. Died, Nov. 18, 1895.

BALDWIN, Theron, clergyman and educa- tor, was born in Goshen, Conn., July 21, 1801; graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two years' study in the theological school there, was ordained a home missionarj- in 1829, becoming one of the celebrated "Yale College Band." or "Western College Society," of which he was Cor- responding Secretary during most of his life. He was settled as a Congregationalist minister at Vandalia for two years, and was active in pro- curing the charter of Illinois College at Jackson- ville, of which he was a Trustee from its organization to his death. He served for a number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in 1838, became the first Principal of Monticello Female Seminarj-, near Alton, which he con- ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April 10, 1870.

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

BALLARD, Addison, iiiercliant, was born of Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio, No- vember, 1822. lie located at La Porte, Ind., about 1841, wliere he learned and pursued the carpenter's trade; in 1H49 went to California, remaining two years, when he returned to La Porte ; in 18.'j3 removed to Chicago and embarked in the lumber trade, wliich he prosecuted until 1887, retiring witli a competency. Mr. Ballard served several years as one of the Commissioners of Cook County, and, from 1876 to 1882, as Alder- man of the City of ChiSago, and again in the latter office, 1S94-9G.

BALTES, Peter Josepli, Roman Catholic Bishop of Alton, was born at Ensheim. Rhenish Ba- varia, April 7, 1827; was educated at the colleges of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass., and of St. Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University, Montreal, and was ordained a priest in IS.'iS, and consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin- istration was successful, but regarded l)y his priests as somewliat arbitrarj'. He wrote imiuer- ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance of (dergy and laity. His most important literary work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first edition, N. Y., 187."); second edition (revised and enlargedl, 1880. Died at Alton. Feb. V,. ISSfl.

BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of the Baltimore & Ohio system) is made up of two principal divisicms. the first extending across the State from East St. Louis to Belpre. Oliio, and the second (known as the Springfield Division) extend- ing from Beardstown to Sliawneetown. Tlie total mileage of the former (or main line) is 537 miles, of which 147j^ are in Illinois, and of the latter (wholly within Illinois) 228 miles. The main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in 1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in ISol. It was constructed by two companies, the section from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State line being known as the Eastern Division, and that in Illinois as the Western Division, the gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco, were the principal financial backers of the enter- prise. The line was completed and opened for traffic. May 1, 1857. Tlie following year the road became financially embarrassed ; the Eastern Di- vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in 1860. while the Western Division was sold under foreclosure, in 1863, and reorganized as the Ohio & Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois

Legislature passed in February, 1861. The East- ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and. in November of the same year, the two divisions were consolidated under the title of the Ohio & Mississippi Riiilway. — Tlie Springfield Division was the result of the consolidation, in December, 1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern and the Illinois & .Southeastern Railroad — eacli liaving been cliartered in 1867 — the new corjio- ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Railroad, under which name the road was built and opened in March, 1871. In 1873, it was placed in the hands of receivers; in 1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March 1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis- sissippi Railway Company. In November, 1876, the road was again placed in the hands of a receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884. — In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South- western Railroad, which was the succes.sor of the Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, the reorganized Company taking the name of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Com- pany. The total capitalization of the road, as organized in 1898, was §84,770,531. Several branches of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go to increase the aggregate mileage, but being wholly outside of Illinois are not taken into ac- count in this statement.

BALTI5I0RE & OHIO k CHICAGO R.\1L- ROAD, p.art of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad System, of which only 8.21 out of 265 miles are in Illinois. Tlie principal object of the company's incorporation was to secure entrance for the Baltimore & Ohio into Chicago. The capital stock outstanding exceeds §1,500,000. The total capital (including stock, funded and floating debt) is §20,329,166 or §76,728 per mile. The gross earnings for the year ending June 30, 1898, were .§3,385,016 and the operating expenses §2,493,4.52. The income and earnings for the portion of the line in Illinois for the same period were ■§209,208 and the expen.sos §208,090.

B.\A'GS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Franklin County, Mass., Jan. 9, 1822; spent his boy- liood on a farm in Western New York, and, after a year in an institution at Rochester, came to Chicago in 1844, later spending two years in farm work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return- ing east in 1847, he engaged in teaching for two years at Springfield, Ma.ss., then spent a year in a dry goods .store at Lacon, III., meanwliile prosecuting his legal studies. In 1851 he began practice, was elected a Judge

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

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of the Circuit Court in 1859; served one session as State Senator (1870-72); in 1873 was ap- pointed Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired term of Judge Richmond, deceased, and, in 187.5. was appointed by President Grant United States District Attorney for the Northern District, remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 18.54; in 1802 presided over the Congressional Conven- tion wliich nominated Owen Love joy for Congress for the first time ; was one of the charter members of the "Union League of America," serving as its President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the National Convention wliicli nominated General Grant foi President for the first time. After retiring from the office of District Attorney in 1879, he removed to Chicago, wliere he is still (1898) engaged in the practice of his profession.

BAXKSOX, Andrew, pioneer and early legis- lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and sulisequently removed to Washington County. He was a Col- onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1813, and a Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1833. In 1823 he was elected to tlie State Senate from Washington County, serving four years, and at the session of 1833-23 was one of those who voted against the Convention resolution which had for its object to make Illinois a slave State. He suli- sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in 18.53, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin.

BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set- tle in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol- lowed, about 1796-97, by Revs. David Badgley and Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist church within the limits of the State. Five churches, having four ministers and 111 mem- bers, formed an association in 1807. Several causes, among them a difference of views on tlio slavery question, resulted in the division of tlie denomination into factions. Of these perhajis the most numerous was the Regular (or Mission- ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John M. Peck, a resident of tlie State from 1833 until his death (1858). By 1835 the sect had grown, until it had some 250 churches, witli about 7. .500 members. These were under the ecclesiastical care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isa;io McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionarj-, preached at Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1825, and, eiglit years later. Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first Baptist society in what was then an infant set-

tlement. Bj' 1890 the number of Associations had grown to forty, with 1010 churches. 891 ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo- logical Seminary was for some time supported at Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the Univer.sitj' of Chicago, becoming the divinity school of that institution. The chief organ of the denomination in Illinois is "The Standard." pub- lished at Chicago.

BAEBER, Hiram, was born in Warren County, N. Y., March 24, 1835. At 11 years of age he accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which State he was a resident until 186G. After gradu- ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law School, and was admitted to practice. After serving one term as District Attorney of his county in Wisconsin (1861-62), and Assistant Attorney-General of the State for 1865-66, in the latter jear he came to Chicago and, in 1878, was elected to Congress bj' the Republicans of the old Second Illinois District. His home is in Chicago, where he holds the position of blaster in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County.

BARDOLPH, a village of McDonough County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7 miles northeast of Macomb; has a local paper. Population (1880), 409; (1890), 447; (1900), 387.

BARNSBACK, George Frederick Jiilins, pio- neer, was born in Germany, July 35, 1781; came to Pliiladelphia in 1797, and soon after to Ken- tucky, where he became an overseer; two or three years later visited his native country, suf- fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ; returned to Kentucky in 1802, remaining until 1809, when he removed to what is now Madison (then a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in the War of 1813, farmed and raised stock until 1834, when, after a second visit to Germany, he bouglit a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo. Subsequently becoming disgusted witli slavery, he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois, locating on a farm near Edwardsville, where lie resided until his death in 1869. Mr. Barnslack served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen- eral Assembly (1844-46) and, after returning from Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor of Madison Coimty. — Julius A. (Barnsback), his son, was born in St. Francois County, Mo., Maj- 14, 1836; in 1846 became a merchant at Troj-, Madison County ; was elected Slieriff in 1860 : in 1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Vohm- teers (lOOdays' men) ; also ser\-ed as a member of the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (1865).

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BARNUM, William H., lawyer and ex-Judge, was bom in Onondaga Count}', N. Y., Feb. 13, 1840. When he was but two years old his family removed to St. Clair County, 111. , where he passed his boyhood and youtli. His preliminary educa- tion was obtained at Belleville, 111., Ypsilanti, Mich., and at the Michigan State University at Ann Arbor. After leaving the institution last named at the end of the sophomore year, he taught scliool at Belleville, still pursuing his clas- sical studies. In 1863 he was admitted to the bar at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office at Chester, where, for a time, he held tlie office of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago in 18G7, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi- ration of liis term lie resumed private practice.

BARRERE, Oranville, was born in Highland County, Ohio. After attending the common schools, he acquired a higher education at Au- gusta, Ky. , and Marietta, Ohio. He was admitted to the bar in bis native State, but began the prac- tice of law in Fulton County, 111., in 185G. In 1873 he received the Republican nomination for Congress and was elected, representing his dis- trict from 1873 to 1875, at the conclusion of liis term retiring to private life. Died at Canton, 111., Jan. 13, 1889.

BARRINGTON, a village located on the north- ern border of Cook County, and partly in Lake, at the intersection of tlie Chicago & Northwestern and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railwaj', 33 miles northwest of Chicago. It has banks, a local paper, and several cheese factories, being in a dairying district. Population (1.S90), 8-18; (190(1), 1,163.

BARROWS, John Henry, D. D., clergyman and educator, was born at Medina, Mich., JiUy 11, 1847; gi-aduated at Mount Olivet College in 1867, and studied theology at Yale, Union and Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas, where he spent two and a half years in mission- ary and educational work. He then (in 1872) accepted a call to the First Congregational Church at Springfield, lU., where he remained a year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel, visiting Europe, Egypt and Palestine, during a part of the time supplying the American chapel in Paris. On his return to the United States lie spent six years in pastoral work at Lawrence and East Boston, Mass., when (in November, 1881) he assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman of the "Parliament of Religions," a branch of the "World's Congress Auxiliary," held during the

World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec- turer on Comparative Religions, under lectureships in connection with the University of Chicago en- dowed liy Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these, established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on alternate j'ears with a similar course at the Uni- versity. Courses were delivered at the University in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes of the foreign lectureship, Dr. Barrows found it necessary to resign his jiastoivite, wliich he did in the spring of 1896. After spending tlie summer in Germany, the regular itinerarj' of the round- tiieworld tour began at London in the latter part of November, 1896, ending with liis return to the United States by way of San Francisco in May, 1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere, the tour embracing visits to the principal cities of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to the United States he lectured at the University of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of the country, on the moral and religious condition of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered the Presidency of Oberlin College, Ohio, which he accepted, entering upon his duties early in 1899.

BARRY, a city in Pike County, fomided in 1836, on the Wabash Railroad, 18 miles east of Hannibal, Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincy. The surrounding country is agricultural. The city contains woolen and flouring mills, pork- packing establishments, etc. It has two local papers, a bank, three churches and a high school, besides schools of lower grade. Population (1880), 1,393; (1890), 1,354; (1900), 1,643.

BARTLETT, Adolphus Clay, merchant, was born of Revolutionary ancestry at Stratford, Fulton County, N. Y. , June 22, 1844 ; was educated in the common schools and at Danville Academy and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y., and, coming to Cliicago in 1863, entered into the employment of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co., now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which, a few years later, he became a partner, and later Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, Presi- dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being identified with various other business and benevo- lent associations.

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

37

BASCOM, (Rev.) Flavel, D. D., clergyman, was born at Lebanon, Conn., June 8, 1804; spent his boyhood on a farm until 17 years of age, mean- while attending the common schools; prepared for college under a private tutor, and, in 1824, entered Yale College, graduating in 1H2H. After a year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan, Conn., he entered upon the study of theologj' at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for the next two years, .served as a tutor in the liter- ary department of the college.. Then coming to Illinois (1833), he cast his lot with the "Yale Band," organized at Yale College a few years previous; spent five years in missionary work in Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi- nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society, exploring new settlements, founding chui'ches and introducing missionaries to new fields of labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First Presbyterian Cliurch of Chicago, remaining until 1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First Presbyterian Church at Galesburg, this relation continuing until IS.jG. Then, after a year's serv- ice as the Agent of the American Missionary Association of the Congregational Church, he accepted a call to the Congregational Church at Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when he took charge of the Congregational Church at Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider- able period as a member of the Executive Com- mittee of the Illinois Home Missionary Society ; was also prominent in educational work, being one of the founders and, for over twenty-five years, an officer of tlie Chicago Theological Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College, Wis., from which he received the degree of D. D. in 1869. Dr. Bascom died at Princeton, 111., August 8, 1890.

BATAVIA. a town in Kane County, located on Fox River, and on brancli lines of the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 38 miles west of Chicago. It has water power and establishments for tlie manufacture of wagons, paper bags and wind- mills. There are also extensive limestone quar- ries in the vicinity. Tlie town was founded in 1834 and incorporated as a village in 18,'i6. It lias two weekly papers, eight churches and six pul)lic schools, besides a private hospital for tlie in.sane. Population(18H0), 2,039; (ISUO). 3,.-)43; ( 19(10), 3,871.

BATEMAN, Newton, A. M., LL.l)., educator and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo- jiedia of Illinois," was born at Fairfield, N. J., July 27, 1822, of mixed English and Scotch an-

cestry ; was brought by his parents to niinois in 1833; in his youth enjoyed only limited educa- tional advantages, Imt graduated from Illinois College at Jacksonville in 1843, supporting liim- self during his college course wholly by his own laljor. Having contemplated entering the Chris- tian ministry, he spent the following year at Lane Theological Seminary, but was compelled to withdraw on account of faiUng health, when he gave a year to travel. He then entered upon liis life-work as a teacher by engaging as Principal of an English and Classical School in St. Louis, remaining tliere two years, when he accepted the Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col- lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that iwsition four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack- sonville, 111., in the latter year, he assumed the principalship of the main public school of that city. Here he remained seven j-ears, during four of them discharging the duties of County Super- intendent of Scliools for Morgan County. In the fall of 18.57 he became Principal of Jacksonville Female Academy, but the following year was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, having been nominated for the office by the Republican State Convention of 1858, which put Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United States Senate. By successive re-elections he con- tinued in this office fourteen years, serving coii- tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years (1863-65), as the result of his defeat for re-election in 1862. He was also endorsed for the same office by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but was not formally nominated by a State Conven- tion. During his incumbency the Illinois com- mon school system was developed and brought to the state of efficiency which it has so well main- tained. He also prepared some seven volumes of biennial reports, portions of which have been republished in five dilTerent languages of Europe, besides a volume of "Common Scliool Decisions," originally published by authority of the General Assembly, and of which several editions have since been issued. This volume has been recog- nized bj' the courts, and is still regarded as authoritative on the subjects to which it relates. In addition to his official duties during a part of this period, for three years he served as editor of "The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com- mittee of three whii'li jirepared tlie bill adopted by Congi-e.ss creating tlie National Bureau of Education. Occupying a room in the old State Capitol at SpringfieUl adjoining that used as an office by Abraliam Lincoln during the first candi- dacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860, a

38

IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

close intimacy sprang up lietween the two men, which enabled the "Schotyl-master," as Mr. Lin- coln playfully called the Doctor, to acquire an insight into the character of the future emanci- pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time, and of wliicl) he gave evidence by his lectures full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent appreciation of tlie higli character of the "Martyr President." A few months after his retirement from the State Superintendency (1875), Dr. Bate- man was offered and accepted the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered his resignation. This, after ha\-ing been repeatedly urged upon the Board, was finally accepted ; but that body immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed him President Emeritus and Professor of Mental and Moral Science, under which he continued to discharge his duties as a special lecturer as liis health enabled him to do so. During his incum- bency as President of Knox College, he twice received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State University and the Chancellorship of two other important State institutions. He also served, by appointment of successive Governors between 1877 and 1891. as a member of the State Board of Health, for four years of this period being Presi- dent of the Board. In February. 1878. Dr. Bate- man, unexpectedly and without solicitation on his part, received from President Hayes an appoint- ment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and test the fineness and weight of United States coins, in accordance with tlie provisions of the act of Congress of June 22, 1874, and discharged the duties assigned at the mint in Pldladelphia. Never of a very strong physiijue, wliicli was rather weakened by his privations while a stu- dent and his many years of close confinement to mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr. Bateman suffered much from a chest trouble which finally developed into "angina pectoris," or heart disease, from which, as the result of a most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales- burg, Oct. 21, 1897. The event produced the most profoimd sorrow, not only among his associ- ates in the Faculty and among the students of Knox College, but a large number of friends throughout the State, who had known him offi- cially or personally, and had learned to admire his many noble and beautiful traits of character. His funeral, which occurred at Galesburg on Oct. 25, called out an immense concourse of .sorrowing friends. Almost the last labors per- formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of matter for this volume, in which he manifested

the deepest interest from the time of his assump- tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the time of his death he liad the satisfaction of know- ing that his work in this field was practically complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice niarried, first in 18.50 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville, who died in 1857, and a second time in October, 1859, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massacliusetts (but for some time a teacher in Jacksonville Female Academj-), who died. May 28, 1878. — Clifford Rush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman by his first marriage, was born at Jacksonville, March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and later from the law department of Columbia Col- lege, New York, afterwards prosecuting liis studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finally becoming Professor of Administrative Law and Government in Columbia College— a position especially created for lum. He had filled this position a little over one year when his career — • wliieh was one of great promise — was cut short by death, Feb. 6, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate- man survive — all tlie wives of clergymen. — P. S.

BATES, Clara Doty, author, was born at Ann Arbor, Mich., Dec. 22, 1838; published her first book in 1868; tlie next year married Morgan Bates, a Chicago publisher; wrote much for juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems, some of the most popular among the latter being "Blind Jakey" (1868) and "^sop's Fables" in verse (1873). She was the collector of a model library for children, for the World's Columbian Exposition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895.

BATES, Erastus Newton, soldier and State Treasurer, was born at Plainfield, Mass., Feb. 29, 1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May- flower, When 8 years of age he was brought by his father to Ohio, where the latter soon after- ward died. For several years he lived with an uncle, preparing himself for college and earning money by teaching and manual labor. He gradu- ated from Williams College, Mass., in 1853, and commenced the study of law in New York City, but later removed to Minnesota, where he served as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1856 and was elected to the State Senate in 1857. In 1859 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com- menced practice there in August, 1862 ; was com- missioned Slajor of the Eightieth Illinois Volunteers, being successively promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen montlis he was a prisoner of war, escaping from Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later exposed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor-

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

39

Tis Island, Charleston harbor. In 1866 he was elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office under the new Constitution of 1870, and sen-ing until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis, Minn., 5Iay 29, 1898, and was buried at Spring- field.

BATES, Georg'e C, lawyer and politician, was born in Canandaigua, N. Y. , and removed to Michigan in 1834 ; in 1849 was appointed United States District Attorney for tliat State, but re- moved to California in 1850, where he became a member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee" at San Francisco, and, in 1836, delivered the first Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo., where he died, Feb. 11. 1886. Mr. Bates was an orator of much reputation, and was selected to express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas, after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug- las conspiracy in November, 1864 — a duty whicli he performed in an address of gi-eat eloquence. At an early day he married the widow of Dr. Alexander Wolcott, for a numVjer of years previ- ous to 18.30 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white settler of Chicago.

BATH, a village of Mason County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railwaj-, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu- lation (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (1900), 330.

BAYLIS, a village of Pike County, on the Naples & Hannibal branch of the "Wabash Rail- way, 40 miles we.st of Jacksonville; has one newspaper. Population (1890). 368; (1900). 340.

BATLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public Instruction, was born about 1846, served as a private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last two years of the Civil War, and graduated from Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870. supporting himself dm-ing Ids college course by work upon a farm and teaching. After serving three years as County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange Count}', Ind., in 1874 he came to Illinois and entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the nortliern part of the State. He served for some time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the Township High School at Streator, where he was, in 1898, when he received the nomination for the office of State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, to which he was elected in November follow-

ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent of nearly 70,000 votes.

BEAKI), Thomas, pioneer and founder of the city of Beardstown, 111., was bom in Granville, Washington County, N. Y., in 1795, taken to Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and. in 1818, removed to IlUnois, living for a time about Edwardsville and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of tlie present city of Beardstown, and later estab- lished there the first ferry across the Illinois River. In 1827, in conjunction with Enoch Marcli of Morgan County, he entered the land on which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at Beardstown. in November, 1849.

BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the Illinois River, being the intersecting point for the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chicago, BurUngton & Quincy Rail\.-ays, and the northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111 miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of Peoria. Thomas Beard, for whom the town was named, settled here about 1820 and soon after- wards established the first feny across the Illinois River. In 1827 the land was patented by Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted, and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it became a princi- pal base of supplies for the Illinois volunteers. The city has six churches and three schools (including a liigh school), two banks and four papers, two of them daily. Several branches of manufacturing are carried on here, — flouring and saw mills, cooperage works, a baking powder factory, a feed-cutter factory, large machine shops, and others of less importance. Tlie river is spanned here by a fine railroad bridge, costing some -3300 000. Population (1880), 3,135; (1890), 4,220; (1900). 4,827.

BEAUBIEX, Jean Baptiste, the second per- manent settler on the site of Chicago, was torn at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader on Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for his first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at Mil- waukee, which lie maintained until 1818. He visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabin there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre of 1812, married the daughter of Francis La Fram- boise, a French trader, and. in 1818, became agent of the American Fur Company, having charge of trading posts at Mackinaw and else- where. After 1823 he occupied the building known as "the factory." just outside of Fort Dear- bom, which had lielonged to the Government, but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840. Out of the ownership of this building grew his claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five

40

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn reservation. The claim was allowed by tlie Land Office officials and sustained by the State courts, but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the United States after long litigation. An attempt was made to revive this claim in Congress in 1878, but it was reported upon adversely by a Senate Committee of which the late Senator Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien was evidently a man of no little prominence in his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens to the Black Hawk War in 1833, was appointed by the Governor the first Colonel of Militia for Cook County, and, in 1850, was commissioned Brigadier-General. In 1858 he removed to Nash- ville, Tenn., and died there. Jan. 5, 186!!.— Mark (Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien, was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in 1826, and bought a log house of James Kinzie, in which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he erected the first frame building in Chicago, which was known as the "Sauganash," and in wliich he kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in mer- chandising, but was not successful, ran the first ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago River, and served for many years as lighthouse keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians trans- ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on the Calumet, for which, some forty years after- wards, he received a patent which had been signed by Martin Van Buren — he having previ- ously been ignorant of its existence. He was married twice and had a family of twentj'-two children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881. — Madore B. (Beaubien), the second son of General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined his father in Chicago, was educated in a Baptist Mission School where Niles, Mich., now stands; was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831, but failed as a business man ; served as Second Lieutenant of the Naperville Company in the Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a white woman, from whom he separated,, after- wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi- nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at Council Bluffs and, later, in Kansas, being for manj- years the official interpreter of the tribe and, for some time, one of six Commissioners employed by the Indians to look after their affairs with the United States Government. — Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beau- bien b3' his wliite wife, was born in one of the buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28,

1823. In 1840 he accompanied his father to his farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago in 1863, and for years past has been employed on tlie Chicago police force.

ISEUIi, William, Governor of Ohio, was born in Hamilton County in that State in 1803; taught .scrhool at North Bend, the home of William Henry Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton ; served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48 ; later led a Welsh colony to Tennessee, but left at the out- break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago County, 111., where he had purchased a large body of land. He was a man of uncompromising loyalty and higli principle; served as Examiner of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln and, in 1868, took a prominent jjart in the cam- paign which resulted in Grant's first election to the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873. A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon. John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and, during the World's Columbian Exposition, Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of World's Fair Commissioners.

BECKER, Cliarles St. ]V., ex State Treasurer, was born in Germany. June 14, 1840, and brought to this country by his parents at the age of 11 years, the family settling in St. Clair County, 111. Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea Ridge, was so severely wounded tliat it was found necessary to amputate one of his legs. In 1806 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County, and, from 1872 to 1880, he served as clerk of the St. Clair Circuit Coui't. He also served several terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888 he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican ticket, serving from Jan. 14, 1889, to Jan. 13, 1891.

BECKWITH, Corydon, lawyer and jurist, was born in Vermont in 1833, and educated at Provi- dence, R. I., and Wrentham, Mass. He read law and was admitted to the liar in St. Albans, Vt., where he practiced for two j'ears. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months of the unexpired term of Judge Caton, who had resigneil. On retiring from the bench he re- sumed private practice. Died, August 18, 1890.

BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and author, was born at Danville. 111.. March 5, 1833. Mr. Beckwith's father. Dan W. Beckwith, a pio- neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the founders of the city of Danville, was a native of Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789,

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

41

his mother being, in lier girlhood. Hannah York, one of the survivors of tlie famous Wyoming massacre of 1778. In 1817, the senior Beckwith, in company with his brotlier George, descended the Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash to wliere Terre Haute now stands. Imt finally locating in what is now a i)art of Edgar County. 111. A year later he removed to the vicinity of the present site of the city of Danville. Having been employed for a time in a surveyor's corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and, on the organization of Vermilion County, served for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of the Governor, and was also employed by the General Government in surveying lands in the eastern part of the State, some of the Indian re.servations in that .sec^tion of the State being set off by him. In connection with G\iy W. Smith, then Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land OflSce at Palestine, 111., he donated the ground on which the county-seat of Vermilion County was located, and it took the name of Dan- ville from his first name — "Dan." In 1830 he was elected Rejjresentative in the State Legisla- ture for the District composed of Clark. Edgar, and Vermilion Counties, then including all that section of the State between Crawford County and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835. Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left fatherless at less than three years of age, received only such education as was afforded in the com- mon schools of that period. Nevertheless, he began the study of law in the Danville office of Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice in 1854, about the time of reaching his majority. He contiimed in tlieir office and. on the removal of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859. he succeeded to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr. Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis- trict of Columbia — was distantly related to Mr. Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of the latter. While engaged in the practice of his prnfeission. Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty years a zealous collector of records and other material bearing upon the early history of Illinois and the Northwest, and is probalily now the owner of one of the most complete and valuable collections of Americana in Illinois. He is also the author of several monographs on historic themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic Notes of tlie Northwest." publi.shed in the "Fer- gus Series." besides having edited an edition of "Reynolds' History of Illinois" (published by the

same firm), which he has enriched by the addition of valuable notes. During 1895-96 he contributed a series of valuable articles to "The Chicago Tribune" on various features of early IlUnois and Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, serving until the ex[)iration of his term in 1894, and was re-appointed to the same position by Governor Tanner in 1H97, in each case being chosen President of the Board.

BEECHER, Charles A., attorney and railway solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 27, 1829, but, in 1836, removed with his family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years. Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County, and began the study of law in the ofhce of his brother, Edwin Beecher, being admitted to prac- tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the organization of the Illinois Southeiistern Rail- road projected from Shawneetown to Edgewood on the Illinois Central in Effingham County. This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest- ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern, under which name it was con- structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This line — which Mr. Beecher served for some time as Vice President — now constitutes the Beards- town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi- nois Southeastern Company having fallen into financial difliculty in 1873. Mr. Beecher was appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time, had control of its operation as agent for the bond- holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became General Counsel of the controlling corporation, so remaining until 1888. Since that date he has been one of the a.ssi.stant counsel of the BaUiniore & Ohio system. His ])resent home is in Cincin- nati, although for over a quarter of a century he has been prominently idenJilied with one of the most important railway enterprises in Southern Illinois. In polities Mr. Beecher has always been a Republican, and was one of tlie few in Wayne County who voted for Fremont in 1856. and for Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of the Republican State Central Committee of Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve vears.

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS.

BEECHER, Edward, D. D., clergjman and educator, was born at East Hampton, L. I., August 27, 1803 — tlie son of Rev. Lj-m.au Beecher and the elder brother of Henry Ward; graduated at Yale College in 1S22, taught for over a year at Hartford, Conn., studied theology, and after a year's service as tutor in Yale College, in 1826 was ordained pastor of the Park Street Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830 he became President of Illinois College at Jacksonville, remaining until 18-14, when he resigned and returned to Boston, serving as pastor of the Salem Street Church in that city until 18.5(i, also acting as senior editor of "The Congregationalist" for four years. In 1856 he returned to Illinois as pastor of tlie First Con- gregational Church at Galesburg, continuing until 1871, when he removed to Brooklyn, wliere lie resided without pastoral charge, except 1885- 89, when he was pastor of the Parkville Congre- gational Church. While President of Illinois College, that institution was exposed to mucli hostile criticism on account of his outsjioken opposition to slavery, as sliown by his participa- tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti- Slavery Society and his eloijuent denunciation of the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his brotlier Henry Ward, he was probably the most ])owerful orator belonging to that gifted family, and. in connection with liis able associates in the faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give that institution a wide reputation as a nursery of independent tliought. Up to a short time before his death, he was a prolific writer, his productions (besides editorials, reviews and con- tributions on a variety of subjects) including nine or ten volumes, of wliich the most impor- tant are: "Statement of A nti Slavery Principles and Address to the People of Illinois" (1837); "A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the Alton Riots" (1838); "The Concord of Ages" (18,53); "The Conflict of Ages" (1854); "Papal Conspiracy Exposed" (1854), besides a number of others invariably on religious or anti-slavery topics. Died in Brooklyn. July 28, 1895.

BEECHER, William H., clergyman — oldest son of Rev. Lymaa Beecher and brother of Edward and Henr}' Ward — was born at East Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at An- dover, became a Congregationalist clergj-man, occupying pulpits at Newport, R. I., Batavia, N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio ; came to Chicago in his later years, dying at the home of his daugh- ters in that city. June 23. 1889.

BEGGS, (Rev.) Stephen R.. pioneer Methodist

Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, wlio was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in 1805, but remained there only two years, when he removed to Clark County, Ind. Tlie son enjoyed but poor educational advantages here, obtaining his education chiefly by liis own efforts in wliat he called "Brusli College." At the age of 21 he entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, during the next ten years traveling dilferent circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was appointed to Chicago, but the Black Hawk War coming on immediately tliereafter, he retired to Plainlield. Later he traveled various circuits in Illinois, until 18G8, when he was superannuated, occupjing his time thereafter in writing remi- niscences of his early liistory. A volume of tliis character puhlislied by him, was entitled "Pages from the Early History of the West and North- west." He died at Plainfield, 111., Sept. 9. 1895, in the 95th year of his age.

BEIDLER, Henry, early settler, was born of German extraction in Buctks County, Pa., Nov. 27. 1812; came to Illinois in 1843, settling first at Springfield, where he carried on the grocery business for five years, then removed to Chicago and engaged in the lumber trade in connection with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large lumber manufacturing business at Muskegon, Mich., which jiroved very profitable. In 1871 Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, in- vesting largely in west side real estate in the city of Chicago, which appreciated rapidlj- in value, making him one of tlie most wealthy real estate owners in Chicago. Died, March 10, 1893. — Jacob (Beidler), brother of the preceding, was born in Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came west in 1842, first began working as a carpenter, but later engaged in the grocery business with his brother at Springfield. 111. ; in 1844 removed to Chicago, where he was joined by liis brother four years later, wlien they engaged largely in tlie lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business in 1891, devoting his attention to large real estate investments. He was a liberal contributor to religious, educational and benevolent institutions. Died in Chicago, March 15, 1898.

BELFIELD, Henry Holmes, educator, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1837; was educated at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in the same; during the War of the Rebellion served in the army of the Cumberland, first as Lieuten- ant and afterwards- as Adjutant of the Eighth Iowa Cavalry, still later being upon tlie staff of Gen. E. M. McCook, and taking part in the

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Atlanta and Nasliville campaigns. Wliile a prisoner in the hands of tlie rebels he was i)laced under fire of the Union batteries at Charleston. Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal in various public schools, including the North Division High School. He was one of the earli- est advocates of manual training, and, on the establishment of the Chicago ^lanual Training School in 1884, was appointed its Director — a position wliich he has continued to occupy. During 1891-92 he made a trip to Europe by appointment of the Government, to inve.stigate the school systems in European countries.

BELKNAP, Hugh Kold, ex-Member of Congress, was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Se{)t. 1, 1860, being the son of W. "W. Belknap, for some time Secre- tary of War under President Grant. After attending the public schools of his native city, he took a course at Adams Academy, Quincy, Mass., and at Phillips Academy, Andover, when he entered the .service of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, where he remained twelve years in various departments, finally becoming Chief Clerk of the General Manager. In 1892 he retired from this position to become Superintendent of the South Side Elevated Railroad of Chicago. He never held any political position until nomi- nated (1894) as a Republican for the Fifty-fourth Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third Dis- trict of Chicago. Although the returns showed a plurality of thirty -one votes for his Democratic opponent (Lawrence McGann). a recount prove<l him elected, when, Mr. McGann having volun- tarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously awarded the seat. In 1896 he was re-elected from a District usually strongly Democratic, receiving a pku-ality of 590 votes, but was defeated by his Democratic opponent in 1898, retir- ing from Congress, JIarch 3, 1899, when he re- ceived an appointment as Paymaster in the Army from President JIcKinley, with the rank of Major. BELL, Robert, lawj-er, was born in Lawrence County, 111., in 1829, educated at Mount Carmel and Indiana State University at Bloomington, graduating from the law department of the latter in 18o.5; while yet in his minority edited "The Mount Carmel Register," during ISol-.Vi becoming joint owner and editor of the same with his brotlier. Victor D. Bell. After gradu- ation he opened an office at Fairfield, Wayne County, but. in 1857, returned to Mount Carmel and from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B. Green, until the appointment of the latter Chief Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in 1890. In 1869 Mr. Bell was appointed County

Judge of Lawrence County, being elected to the same office in 1894. He was also President of the Illinois Southern Railroad Company until it was merged into the Cairo & Vincennes Road in 1867 ; later became President of the St. Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a part of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis line, and secured the construction of the division from Princeton, Ind., to Albion, 111. In 1876 he vLsited California as Special Agent of the Treasury Department to investigate alleged frauds in the Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast ; in 1878 was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same year, a member of the Republican State Central Committee for the State-at-large, and, in 1881, officiated by appointment of President Garfield, as Commissioner to examine a section of the Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico. Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known in the southeastern part of the State as the "Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash."

BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair County, a citj- and railroad center, 14 miles south of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest towns in the State, having been selected as the county-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies in the center of a rich agricultural and coal-l)ear- ing district and contains numerous factories of various descriptions, including flouring mills, a nail-mill and an extensive rolling mill. It ha.s five newspaper establishments, three being Ger- man which issue daily editions. Its commercial and educational facilities are exceptionally good. Its population is largely of German descent. Population (1890). l.-),,361 ; (1900), 17,484.

BELLEVILLE, CENTRALIA & EASTERN RAILRO.VI). (See Loitisville. Evansinlle & St. Louis {Consolidated) Railroad.)

BELLEVILLE & CARONDELET RAILRO.VD. a short line of road extending from Belleville to East Carondelet, 111., 17.3 miles. It was chartered Feb. 20, 18S1, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company, June 1, 1883. The annual rental is §30,000. a sum equivalent to the interest on the bonded debt. The capital stock (1895) is .§500.000 and the Iwnded debt S4S5,- 000. In addition to the.se sums the floating debt swells the entire capitalization to §995,054 or $57,- 317 per mile.

BELLEVILLE A ELDOR.VDO RAILROAD, a road 50.4 miles in length running from Belle- ville to Duquoin. III. It was chartered Feb. 22, isfil. and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1,

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1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton & Terra Haute Railroad Company for 486 years, and has since been operated by that corporation in connection with its Belleville branch, from East St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and the Sha\vneetown branch of the St. Louis & Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville & Npshville Rjiilroad Company. Its capital stock (1895) is §1,000,000 and its bonded debt $550,000. The corporate office is at Belleville.

BELLEVILLE & ILLl>f<)ISTOWN RAILROAD. (See St. Lutiif:. Alfoii A Tvrrc Haute Railroad:}

BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERN ILLIXUS RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run- ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and completed Dec. l.'i, 1873. At Duquoiu it connects with the Illinois Central and forms a short line between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1, 1866, it was leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terra Haute Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital stock is §1,692,000 and the bonded debt §1,000,- 000. The corporate office is at Belleville.

BELLMONT, a village of Wabash County, on the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880), 350; (1890), 487; (1900), 624.

BELT RAILWAY C0MPA3VT OF CHICAGO, THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 32, 1882, and the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago & Western Indiana Riiilroad (which see). Its total trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 66- pound steel rails) is 9:i. 26 miles, distributed as fol- lows: Auburn Junction to Chicago. Milwaukee & St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull- man Junction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles; second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles. The cost of construction has been §524,549; capi- tal stock, §1,200,000. It has no funded debt. The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895, were §.556,847, the operating expenses §378,012, and the taxes §51.009.

BELVIDERE, an incorporated city, the county- seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau- kea River, and on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest of Chicago and 48 miles east of FreejKirt. The city has eleven churches, graded schools and three banks (two National). Three newspapers are published here. Belvidere also has very consi<lerable manufacturing interests, including two flouring mills, a plow factory, a reaper works, and manu- factories of sewing machines, bed springs and boots and shoes, liesides large cheese and pickle

factories. Population (1880), 2,951; (1890), 3,867; (1900). 6,937.

BEMEXT, a town in Piatt County, at the inter- section of the main line of the Wabash Railroad with its Chicago Division, 20 miles east by north from Decatur, and 166 miles south-southwest from Chicago. It has four churches, a graded school, a bank, a weekly newspaper and a (louring mill. Population (1880), 963; (1890), 1,129; (1900), 1,484.

HENJ.VMIN, Reuben Moore, lawyer, born at Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y., June 29, 1833; was educated at Amherst College, Am- herst, Mass. ; spent one year in the law depart- ment of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst and, in 18.")6, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on an examination certificate furnished bj- Abraham Lincoln, he was licensed to practice. The first l)ublic office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in shaping the provisions of the new Constitution relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen County Judge of McLean County, bj- repeated re-elections holding the position until 1886, when he resumed private practice. For more than twenty years lie has been connected with the law department of Wesleyan University at Blooming- ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ; is also the author of several volumes of legal text-books.

BE.VXETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic Medical School of Chicago, incorporated by special charter and opened in the autumn of 1868. Its first sessions were held in two large rooms; its faculty consisted of seven professors, and there were thirty matriculates. Jlore com- modious quarters were secured the following year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871, in which all the college property was destroyed. Another change of location was made in 1874. In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a new college building, in connection with a hos- pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city. A free dispensary is conducted by the college. The teaching faculty (1890) consists of nineteen professors, with four assistants and demonstra- tors. Women are admitted as pupils on equal terms with men.

BEXT. Charles, journalist, was born in Chi- cago, Dec. 8, 1844. but removed with his family, in 1856, to Jlorrison, Whiteside Count}', where, two years later, he became an apprentice to the printing business in the office of "The Whiteside Sentinel." In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier

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in the One Hundred and Fortietli Illinois (100- days" regiment) and, on the expiration of his term of service, re-enUsted in the One Hundred and Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at Savannah, Ga., in January, 1866, with the rank of Second Lieutenant. Then resuming his voca- tion as a printer, in July, 1867, he purchased the office of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in which he learned his trade, and has since been the editor of that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged in writing a "History of Whiteside County." He is a charter member of the local Grand Army Post and served on the staff of the Department Commander ; was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected as a Republican to the State Senate for White- side and Carroll Counties, serving four years. Other positions held by him include the office of City Alderman, member of the State Board of Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner of the Joliet Penitentiarj' (1889-93). He has also been a member of the Republican State Central Committee and served as its Chairman 1886-88.

BEMTON, the county-seat of Franklin County, situated about 90 miles southeast of St. Louis, and about 18 miles east of Duquoin. The town stands on a rich, fertile prairie. It has a bank, three churches, two flouring mills and two weekly newspapers. Population (1890). 930: (1900), 1.3U.

BERDAN, James, lawyer and County Judge, was born in New York City. July 4, 180o, and educated at Columlna and Yale Colleges, gradu- ating from the latter in the class of 1824. His father, James Berdan, Sr. , came west in the fall of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York Emigration Society, and, in January, 1820, visited the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville, 111., but died soon after his return, in part from exposure incurred during his long and arduous winter journey. Thirteen years later (1832) liis son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same region, and Jacksonville became his home for the remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well- read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle and sound culture, with pure literary and social tastes. Although possessing unusual capabilities, his refinement of character and dislike of osten- tation made him seek rather the association and esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he was elected County Judge of Morgan County, serving bj- a second election until 1857. Later he was Secretary for several years of the Tonica & Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of construction), serving until it was merged into the St. Louis. Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad,

now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di- vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; also served for many years as a Trustee of Illinois College. In the latter years of his life he was. for a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Gov- ernor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge Berdan was the ardent political friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti- mate friend and frequent corres{X)ndent of the poet Longfellow, besides being the coiTespondent, during a long period of his life, of a number of other prominent literary men. Pierre Irving, the nephew and biographer of Washington Irving, was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson- ville, August 24. 1884.

BERCjtEX, (Rev.) John G., pioneer clergyman, was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 27, 1790; studied theology, and, after two years" service as tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of a Presbyterian church at Madison. N. J., in 1828 came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the erection of the first Protestant church in the central part of the State, of which he remained pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield. Jan. 17, 1872.

BERGGREJf, Augustus W., legislator, bom in Sweden, August 17, 1840; came to the United States at 16 j-ears of age and located at Oneida, Knox County, 111., afterwards removing to Gales- burg; held various offices, including that of Sheriff of Knox County (1873-81), State Senator (1881-89) — serving as President jiro tern, of the Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State penitentiary- at Joliet, 1888-91. He was for many years the very able and efficient President of the Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and is now its Treasurer.

BERGIER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in France, and an early missionary in Illinois. He labored among the Tamaroas. being in charge of the mission at Cahokia from 1700 to his death in 1710.

BERRY, Orville F., lawyer and legislator, was born in McDonough County, III., Feb. IG, 1853; early left an orjjhan and, after working for some time on a farm, removed to Carthage, Hancock County, where he read law and was admitted to the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of Carthage antl twice re-elected ; was elected to the State Senate in 1888 and "92. and, in 1891, took a prominent part in securing the enactment of the compulsory education clause in tlie common school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Repub- lican State Convention of 1896, the same year was a candidate for re-election to the State Senate,

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but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic competitor, who was declared elected by 1G4 Ijluralit}'. On a contest before the Senate at the first session of the Fortieth General Assembly, the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of State affecting the vote of his opponent.

BERRY, (Col.) William W., la\%yer and sol- dier, was born in Kentucky, Feb. 32, 1834, and educated at Oxford, Ohio. His home being then in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and, at the age of 23, began practice at Louisville, Ky., being married two years later to Miss Georgie Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1801 he entered the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in the Army of the Cumberland, marching to the sea with Sherman and, during the period of his service, receiving four wounds. After the close of the war he was offered the position oi Gov- ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining not to go further west than Illinois, declined. For three years he was located and in practice at Winchester. 111., but removed to Quincy in 1874, whefe he afterwards resided. He always took a warm interest in politics and, in local affairs, was a leader of his party. He was an organizer of the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com- mander, and, in 1884-8,5, .served as Commander of the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ- ized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he believed that the young minds should take an active part in politics. He was one of the com- mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois, and, after spending six months inspecting vari- ous sites offered, the institution was finally located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Knox College, at Galesburg, for several years. He was frequently urged by his party friends to run for public office, but it was so much against his nature to ask for even one vote, that he would not consent. He died at his home in Quincy, much regretted. May 6, 1895.

BESTOR, George C, legislator, bom in Wash- ington City, April 11, 1811; was assistant docu- ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight years; came to Illinois in 1835 and engaged in real-estate business at Peoria; was twice ap- pointed Postmaster of that city (1842 and 1861) and three times elected Mayor; served as finan- cial agent of the Peoria & Oquawka ( now Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad), and a Director of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw ; a delegate to the Whig National Convention of 1852; a State

Senator (1858-62), and an ardent friend of Abra- ham Lincoln. Died, in Washington, May 14,

1872, while prosecuting a claim against the Government for the construction of gunboats during the war.

BETHALTO, a village of Madison County, on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 25 miles north of St. Louis. Popula- tion (1880), 628; (1890), 879; (1900), 477.

BETHANY, a village in Moultrie Coimty, on the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroad, 20 miles southeast of Decatur ; is in a farming dis- trict; has a local newspaper. Population (1880), 209; (1890), 688; (1900). 873.

BETTIE STUART INSTITUTE, an institu- tion for young ladies at Springfield, 111., founded in 1868 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, who con- ducted it for some twenty years, until her death. Its report for 1898 shows a faculty often instruct- ors and 125 pupils. Its property is valued at §23,500. Its course of instruction embraces the jireparatory and classical branches, together with music, oratory and fine arts.

BEVERIDGE, James H., State Treasurer, was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1828; served as State Treasurer, 1865-67, later acted as Secretary of the Commission wliich built the State Capitol. His later years were spent in superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich. De Kalb County, where he died in January, 1896.

BEVERIDGE, John L., ex-Governor, was born in Greenwich. N. Y. , July 6, 1824; came to Illi- nois, 1842, and, after spending some two years in Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary, went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching while studying law. Having been admitted to the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat- ing at Sycamore, but three years later established himself in Chicago. During the first year of the war he assi.sted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi- nois Cavalry, and was commissioned first as Cap- tain and still later Major; two years later became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry, which he commanded to the close of the war, being mustered out, February, 1866, with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war he lield the oflSce of Sheriff of Cook County four years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate, and, in the following year, Congressman-at-large to succeed General Logan, elected to the United States Senate; resigned this office in Januarj",

1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor, and a few weeks later succeeded to the govern- orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the United States Senate. In 1881 he was appointed.

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by President Arthur, Assistant United States Treasurer for Chicago, serving until after Cleve- land's first election. His present home (1898), is near Los Angeles, Cal.

BIENVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Moyne, Sieur de, was born at Montreal, Canada, Feb. 23, 1680, and \va.s the French Governor of Louisiana at the time the Illinois country was included in that province. He had several brotliers, a number of whom played important parts in the early history of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi- ana, in company with his brother Iberville, in 1698, their object being to establish a French colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699, and Sanvolle. another bi'otlier, was placed in charge. The latter was afterwai"d made Governor of Louisiana, and, at his deatli (ITUl), he was succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat of government to Mobile. In 1704 he was joined by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seven- teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to France in 1707, but was reinstated the following year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of the soil, lie seriously suggested to the home gov- ernment the expediency of trading off the copper- colored aborigines for negroes from the West Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equiva- lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant- Governor. The two quarreled. Cadillac was superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's first expedition arrived (see Company of the. West), and brought a Governor's commission for Bienville. The latter soon after founded New Orleans, which became the seat of government for the province (which then included Illinois), in 1723. In January, 1724, he was again summoned to France to answer charges: was removed in disgrace in 1726, but reinstated in 1733 and given the rank of Lieutenant-General. Failing in vari- ous expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians, lie was again superseded in 1743, returning to France, where he died in 1768.

BI(«(iS, William, pioneer. Judge and legislator, was born in Marj-land in 1753, enlisted in the Revolutionary army, and served as an oflScer under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expe- dition for the capture of Illinois from the British in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaiue (now Monroe County) .soon after the close of the war. He was Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He also represented his

county in the Territorial Legislatures of In- diana and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County, in 1827.

BIG(»SVILLE, a village of Henderson County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 15 miles northea.st of Burlington; has a bank and two newspapers; considerable grain and